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Brevet flDajor*(5eneral, IHnite^ Statce Dolunteera 



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ALBANY 

J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 

1909 



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D. of D. 
OC- ; 1918 



Sebication of /Iftonument 

ErectcO bg tbc State of TFlcw HJotR 

in Gommcmoration of tbe 

Setpfcca of 

Brevet HDajor^CBeneral (5covqc Sears (Breene 

11. s. u. 

ant) tbe IHew lt)ork ^Troops un^ev bis contmaiit) 

on tbc Battlefield) of 6ett\)sburo 

3ul\) 2, 1803 



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September 27, 1907 



Commissioners: Maj.-Gcn. DANIEL E. SICKLES, U. S. A. 

Mai.-Gcn. DANIEL E. SICKLES. U. S. A. Chairman 

Brevet Maj.-Gcn. ALEX. S. WEBB . , .y.DDicwtD 

Brevet Brig.-Gcn. ANSON G. McCOOK ^' ■'• ■<^Ai>KIi>KJE 

Col. LEWIS R. STEGMAN Engineer »nd Secretary 

Col. CLINTON BBCKWITH 
Maj. CHARLES A. RICHARDSON 
Brevet Maior THOMAS W. BRADLEY 
Brig.-Gcn. NELSON H. HENRY, Adi.-Geo., S. N. Y. 



NEW York monuments Commission 

FOR THE 

Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga 

23 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 



February 10, 1909. 



His Excellency Charles E. Hughes, Governor, 
Albany, New York. 

Sir. — Pursuant to a provision in Chapter 466, Laws of 1908, I 
have the honor to submit herewith a report of the exercises held at 
the dedication of the monument erected on the battlefield of 
Gettysburg by the State of New York, under the supervision of 
this Commission, in commemoration of the services of Brevet 
Major-General George Sears Greene and the New York troops 
under his command on Gulp's Hill, July 2, 1863. 
I am, sir. 

Your obedient servant, 

D.YNIEL E. SICKLES, 

Ckuirmati. 



XTable of Contents 



Page 

Introductory — Report of Monuments Commission - - - - 11 

Dedication of Monument, September 27, 1907: 

Military Panwle — Program of Exercises on Cvilp's Ilill - - 21 

Invocation by Reverend W. T. Pray ------ 25 

Address by Major-General D. E. Sickles, U. S. A., Chairman - 27 

Address by Colonel Lewis R. Stegman ------ 38 

Address by Governor Charles E. Hughes ----- 49 

Remarks by Brevet Major-General Alex. S. AVebb, U. S. V. - - 52 

Remarks by Major-General Frederick D. Grant, U. S. A. - - 53 

Address bj' Governor Hughes to College Students, September 28, 1907 - 56 

Ijife of General Greene : 

Ancestry ---....... Q\ 

Enters West Point 62 

Resigns from the Army -------- 63 

Re-enters the Military Service ------- Go 

Services at tlie Battle of Cedar INIountain ----- 69 

Maryland Campaign ---.-.-.72 
Chancellorsville ----.... 78 

Gettysburg .-.-.....go 

"Wauhatchie - - 93 

Final Campaign of Sherman's Army ----- 99 

Mustered Out 100 

In Civil Life 100 

Placed on Retired List - 101 

General Greene's Family : 

George Sears Greene, Jr. - - - - - - - -101 

Samuel Dana Greene -------- 102 

Major Charles Thruston Greene - - - - - - -103 

Anna Marv Greene -------- jQ-t 

Major-General Francis Vinton Greene, U. S. \'. - - - - 104 

Lieutenant-Colonel William F. Fox, In Memoriam - - - - 108 



IFllustrations 



Portrait of Brevet Major-General George S. Greene - 
Bronze Tablet, south side ------- 

The Greene Monument -----... 

Headquarters Party, September 28, 1907 - - - - 

Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. A. 

Colonel Lewis R. Stegman ------- 

His Excellencj' Charles E. Hughes, Governor . - - . 

Brevet Major-General Alexander S. Webb, U. S. V. 
Major-General Frederick D. Grant, U. S. A. - 
Governor Hughes Addressing Pennsylvania College Students, 

September 28, 1907 

Bronze Tablet, north side ------- 

Cedar Mountain -------- 

Dunker Church at Antietam --..--. 
Line of Greene's Brigade, Culp's Hill ----- 

Portion of Greene's Brigade Line, Gulp's Hill - . - - 

A View in Waiihatchie Valley ------ 

Family' of General Greene --.--.. 



Fi 

Fac 



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Page 
ipiece 
11 
14 
18 
27 
38 
49 
52 
53 

56 
62 
68 
72 
82 
86 
92 
102 



^ap8 



Battlefield of Antietam ----... Facing' 71 

Battlefield of Chancellors^•ille " 78 

Battlefield of Gettysburg "88 

Battlefield of Lookout ^Mountain - - - - - . " 96 




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Ifn ^emodam 

6eorge Sears 0reene 

llntrobuctorv 

BY Chapter 568 of the Laws of 1903, which became a law on 
j\Iay thirteenth of that year, this Commission was 
"authorized and directed to procure and erect on a site 
to be selected by them on the battlefiekl of Gettysburg, in the 
State of Pennsylvania, a bronze statue to Brevet Major-General 
George Sears Greene, deceased, at an expense not to exceed the 
sum of eight thousand dollars." 

The monument erected by the State of New York, under the 
supervision of this Board of Commissioners by the provisions of the 
above-mentioned act, commemorates the services of General Greene 
and of the New York troops under his command, comprising the 
Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and 
thirty-seventh and One hundred and forty-ninth regiments of infantry, 
forming the Third Brigade, Geary's division of Slocum's corps, and 
the Forty-fifth, Eighty-fourth, One hundred and forty-seventh and 
One hundred and fifty-seventh regiments sent to his support during 
the night of July 2, 1863. 

By referring to sketches of the volunteer organizations of the 
State, given in "New York in the War of the Rebellion," it will be 
observed that the nine New York regiments commemorated were 
composed of companies principally recruited in twenty-six of the 
sixty-one counties of the State. 

11 



Ocoroc Scars 6rccnc 

On Juno 4. 1903. circular letters were mailed to the senior offi- 
cers of the nine New V«»rk eoinniands, whose a<i<lresses were known; 
also to the njeinlnTs of (General (irecne's family, inviting an expres- 
sion of their views of the most a[)propriate form for this monutnent. 
The replies favored a standing fi^^ure in l»ron/.e of (iencral (ireene 
in militar}- costume, as he apjH'ared in IHO.'J, j)laced on a proper 
jH'destal, upon which should appear suitahle inscriptions, the State 
coat-of-arms and the Twelfth Corps l)ad^e. 

A sulwommittei- of the Construction Committee of this Com- 
mission selected. July •:?, 1903, the site for this monument on the 
west side of Slocum Avenue, near the left flank of the position <jf 
the Sixtieth New York Infantry on Culp's Hill. The boundaries 
of the plot, about fifty feet s(|uare, endiracing this site, were laid out 
by the enjjineer of this Commission, a map of the site and its im- 
me<liate surroundinijs prepare<I and forwanled to the Gettysburg 
National I'ark Commission for their approval of the site, and 
that of the Secretary of War, which was duly given, as shown by 
map l»earing his signature. tlate<l August 7. 1903, and now on file at 
the office of the Secretary- of State of New York. 

Cicneral Sickles devotcfl much stu«ly to the <|ueslion of a spirited 
and fitting j)ose for the statue. appn)priale to the subject and the 
event to lie commemorated. Several preliminarj' sketches embody- 
ing his views were modeled and carefully considered by the Com- 
missioners and the mendK-rs of (leiieral (Jrecne's family. At a 
mwting held Decemlwr 43, \'.U)i. the Muard considered the question 
of the M'lei-tion of a sculptor to pn-pare the full-size [>laster mo<lel 
of the statue, ami after a carefid inspection of a sketch mmlel sul>- 
mitteil by K. Ilinton Perrj', sculptor, and an exchange of views u[>on 
its merits, followe«l by a discussion upon his proposition for the 
execution of the work, the sketch model was formally ac<-ept«'<l as a 
l)asis for the full-size statue, and the chairman authori/.«'<l to enter 
into a contract with Mr. Perry on U-half of this Conunission for the 
full-size plaster model. This contract bears date of December il, 

1904. 

U 



6eoroe Sears Greene 

The final inspection and approval oi" the full-size clay model by 
the members of the Board and the family of General Greene occurred 
on September 15, 1905, at Mr. Perry's studio, and he was instructed 
on the 18th of September by the chairman to proceed with the work 
of casting it in plaster. On November 10, 1905, the members of 
the Construction Committee inspected the full-size plaster model 
and formally accepted it as complying with the sculptor's contract 
with this Commission. At a meeting of the committee on the same 
day, tenders were canvassed for casting and setting the statue on the 
pedestal. The contract was awarded to Bureau Brothers, of Phila- 
del])hia, and bears date of November 16, 1905. A design for the 
pedestal, prepared by the engineer, was also considered and 
accepted. After a review of the proposals for the construction of the 
pedestal, the kind of granite and the character of the exterior finish 
were discussed; it was decided to construct the pedestal of granite 
from Hurricane Isle, Maine, with its exterior surface polished, except 
the first base. The contract was awarded to Booth Brothers and 
Hurricane Isle Granite Company, of 207 Broadway, New York, 
and bears date of November 17, 1905. 

At a meeting of the Board, held March 14, 1906, General Sickles 
called attention to the matter of proper inscriptions to be placed 
upon the bronze tablets on the pedestal. Preliminary drafts were 
submitted by the engineer ; also those prepared by General Francis 
V. Greene, who appeared before the Board and gave his views 
regarding the form suggested in his correspondence. After a dis- 
cussion, the question of the proper wording of the inscriptions was 
referred to the chairman, with power, after consultation with 
General F. V. Greene. The Board also considered proposals for 
the bronze work to be afilxed to the pedestal, to consist of a bronze 
inscription tablet on the face and reverse, the State coat-of-arms on 
the right side and the Twelfth Corps badge on the left. John 
Williams, Incorporated, of 556 West Twenty-seventh Street, New 
York, was awarded the contract, which bears date of [March 27, 
1906. Charles E. Lady, of Gettysburg, Pa., was awarded the 



George Sears 6reene 

contract for putting in the foundation, and Booth Brothers and 
Hurricane Isle Granite Company that for the sub-base. 

The engineer visited the foundry of Bureau Brothers, at Phila- 
delphia, during the progress of the casting and finishing of the statue, 
and on Saturday, May 12, 1906, General Webb and Sculptor Perry, 
accompanied by the engineer, made a final inspection at the foundry 
of the completed bronze statue and found it satisfactory. The 
granite work of the pedestal was inspected by the engineer on 
July 17, 1906, at Hurricane Isle, Maine. 

On August 1, 1906, the foundation for the pedestal was staked 
out, ten feet square, and the foundation to solid rock, at an average 
depth of five feet nine inches below the surface, was completed on the 
twenty -first of the same month. The contractor for the granite work 
completed the setting of the pedestal on November twenty-third, and 
the following day the statue was placed in position by Bureau 
Brothers. As the plot is located on sloping ground, it was 
resurfaced to conform with the level of the sub-base of the pedestal. 
This work was finished December 18, 1906. 

The granite pedestal is nine feet square at the base by eight feet 
four and one-half inches high above the granite sub-base, which is 
one foot three inches thick. The granite is from the quarries of 
Booth Brothers and Hurricane Isle Granite Company, on Hurricane 
Isle, near Rockland, Elaine, and its exposed surface above the first 
base is highly polished. The two bronze tablets are of the same size, 
each three feet seven and one-half inches wide at the top and three 
feet three and one-fourth inches high. The bronze statue, including 
the plinth, is seven feet ten inches high, plinth two feet six inches 
square. Total cost was $6,863.32; amount appropriated, $8,000.00. 

At a Board meeting, held December 8, 1906, the engineer was 
directed to prepare an estimate of the probable cost for the proposed 
dedication of the monument, which would provide for the attend- 
ance at the ceremonies of fifty survivors from each of the New York 
regiments taking part in the engagement, and of fifty guests, includ- 
ing His Excellency the Governor, and party, members of the Legis- 




THE GREENE MONUMENT. 
Faces Somberly tl^warcl the center of Iiis brinndc Hi 



George Scars (Breene 

lature, the family of General Greene and this Board of Commission- 
ers; and the chairman was authorized to make application to the 
Legislature for an appropriation of a sufficient amount to cover the 
estimate. General Sickles, on April 6, 1907, communicated with tlie 
chairmen of the Finance Committee of the Senate, and the Ways and 
Means Committee of the Assembly, transmitting for the consideration 
of their respective committees an item of appropriation for $8,000.00 
to defray the cost of the proposed dedication. This item was included 
in the supply bill of that year, approved by the Governor July 12, 
1907, and is part of Chapter 578 of the Laws of that year, to wit: 

"For transportation to Gettysburg of fifty survivors of each of 
the nine New York regiments represented in the 'night fight' on 
Gulp's Hill, July 2, 1863, to be designated by their respective regi- 
mental organizations, to attend the dedication of the statue of Brevet 
Major-General George Sears Greene, deceased, erected by the 
State on the battlefield, together with the Governor, the family of 
General Greene and invited guests, eight thousand dollars ($8,000.00), 
or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be paid by the treasurer 
on the warrant of the comptrollet- on vouchers approved by the 
Commission." 

In a letter to His Excellency the Governor, dated July 18, 1907, 
General Sickles called attention to the foregoing provision for the 
dedication, outlined its plan and scope and proposed Friday, Sep- 
tember twenty-seventh, as the date for the ceremonies. An invitation 
was also extended to His Excellency to deliver an address to the 
veterans who would attend. 

The Governor, in his reply, announced that the arrangements 
suggested were satisfactory, that he would accompany the delegation 
and take part in the ceremonies. Information was accordingly sent 
to each Commissioner, to the representatives of the family of 
General Greene, to Hon. William W. Armstrong, chairman of the 
Senate Finance Committee, and to Hon. Sherman Moreland, 
chairman of the Assembly Ways and Means Committee, giving the 
preliminary arrangements thus far made, pursuant to authority given 



(Beorge Scars Greene 

the chairman by action taken at a meeting of the Construction 
Committee, held June 19, 1907. 

In behalf of his colleagues. General Sickles forwarded, on July 
twenty-seventh, a written invitation to Colonel Lewis R. Stegman, as 
one of the commanding oflScers of the regiments in the brigade of 
General Greene in the night fight of July 2, 1863, to deliver an 
address on the occasion of the ceremonies. 

Circular No. 1, dated July 26, 1907, was mailed to the executive 
officers of each of the nine veteran organizations, notifying them of 
the passage of the act and fixing the date for the ceremonies of 
dedication, and advising the recipients that, in compliance with 
the act, the survivors entitled to the free transportation should be 
designated by their respective regimental organizations. 

Circular No. 2, dated August 9, 1907, was forwarded to the same 
officers, with the necessary muster rolls, for the names of those 
survivors of their respective commands who had been designated to 
receive from the State, through this Commission, free transportation 
from points within the State to Gettysburg and return. The plan 
and scope of the proceedings incident to the dedication were 
promulgated August 13, 1907, by Circular No. 3, and in No. 4 the 
action of the several interested railroad lines authorizing a reduced 
rate of a fare and one-third, plus twenty-five cents, from the various 
points in New York to Gettysburg and return for this occasion. 

The appointment of Colonel Nicholas Grumbach, of the One 
hundred and forty-ninth New York Infantry, as grand marshal, 
was announced in Circular No. 5, and in Circular No. 6, September 
20, 1907, was given the program of exercises for the dedication 
ceremonies and a reference to the parade under the command of the 
grand marshal. 

The muster rolls ])cgan to arrive at the office of the Commis- 
sion on August twentieth and continued to be received until the 
thirteenth of the following month. These were promptly examined 
on delivery and entered upon the roll book. In case of doubt as to 
convenient routing, correspondence was at once opened directly 

16 



©eorge Sears ©rccnc 

^vitli the survivors, so that a satisfactory conchision on this question 
could be reached without delay. The work of preparing the 
transportation orders followed the entry of each of the muster rolls. 
The first order bears date of August 28, 1907, and the last order, 
September 25, 1907, which was mailed to Syracuse, exchanged for a 
ticket, and the veteran in whose favor it w'as drawn was present at 
the dedication ceremonies. 

There were 401 transportation orders issued, of which forty-two 
were returned unused; thirteen unused orders were not received 
here. With their respective itemized accounts for transportation 
furnished, the several railroad companies forwarded to this office 
the orders exchanged for tickets, and these vouchers were compared 
by the engineer with the corresponding stubs in the order books. 
A summary of the statements shows that the six railroad companies 
issued for these orders, from fifty-six stations, 346 tickets, two of 
which were forwarded to the office of this Commission "unused" 
by their holders, and the redemption value deducted from the bills 
of the railroad companies. The average cost per capita was $9.77. 

Transportation and subsistence for His Excellency the Governor, 
members of the Senate Finance Committee and of the Assembly 
Ways and Means Committee, the family of General Greene, this 
Board of Commissioners and invited guests, were provided on head- 
quarters train, chartered from the Pullman Company and operated 
under an agreement with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in 
accordance with a printed itinerary prepared by the engineer of this 
Commission. 

There was disbursed by the chairman on account of this dedica- 
tion $6,832.31, leaving a balance of the appropriation of $1,167.69. 

Pursuant to request to the War Department, dated August 22, 
1907, by General Sickles, in behalf of the State, there was present 
and took part in the ceremonies the second scpiadron of the Thir- 
teenth U. S. Cavalry, Major J. T. Dickman commanding, eight 
officers and 226 men; and Battery E, Third U. S. Field Artillery, 
Captain Arthur F. Cassells commanding, two officers and 71 men. 

17 



6C0VQC Sears Greene 

With His Excellency tlie Governor were Hon. John Raines, 
President pro tern, of the Senate; Hon. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., 
Speaker of the Assembly; Major-General Frederick D. Grant, U.S. A.; 
Brigadier-General Nelson H. Henry, Adjutant-General S. N. Y., and 
Colonel George Curtis Treadwell, ]\Iilitary Secretary. The represen- 
tatives and invited guests of the Legislature were: Senators William 
W. Armstrong, Jotham P. Allds, Henry Wayland Hill, WilHam J. 
Tullv, John N. Cordts, Samuel J. Ramsperger, Charles H. Fuller, 
Senate Clerk L. B. Gleason, Assembly Clerk Archie E. Baxter, 
ex-Senator George R. Malby, M. C, and Hon. James S. Whipple, 
Forest Commissioner; Assemblymen John K. Patton, Jesse S. 
Pliillips, James K. Apgar, Edwin A. Merritt, Jr., J. Mayhew 
Wainwright, George H. Whitney, Gary H. Wood, James Oliver, 
Edward C. Dowling and William Young. 

All the Commissioners were present except Colonel Beckwith 
and Major Bradley. 

The statue was unveiled by Mr. George S. Greene, Jr., the eldest 
son of General Greene. An autograph letter received by the chair- 
man from the descendants who witnessed the dedication is given 
here: 

New York, September 30, 1007. 
Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. A., 
Chairman: 

Dear General Sickles. — Through the courtesy of yourself and 
your associates on the New York Monuments Commission, the 
descendants of Brevet Major-General George Sears Greene had 
the privilege, on September twenty-seventh, of witnessing the dedica- 
tion of the monument erected on the battlefield of Gettysburg to the 
memory of General Greene and the gallant New York regiments 
that served under his orders during the memorable conflict on the 
night of July 2, 1863. 

Forty-five such descendants have been born, of whom thirty-six 
are now living, and of these sixteen were present, representing three 
generations — children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, and 

18 



-^^■putpk^A 




U) ~ 



(Bcorge Sears (Breene 

with the addition of the wives of two, the husband of a third and 
the affianced husband of a fourth, there were twenty of his family 
who enjoyed the hospitaUty, which, thiough the generosity of the 
State of New York and your kind consideration and thoughtful 
plans, you so gracefully extended to them. 

Those who were present desire to express their gratitude and 
thanks to the State of New York and its responsible officers for the 
honor they have conferred upon General Greene in placing upon 
the most famous of all United States battlefields this enduring monu- 
ment, which is at once so faithful in likeness and so spirited in action: 
and at the same time to thank you and your associates for your 
unfailing kindness, your thoughtful provision for their comfort at 
every stage of the interesting and dignified ceremonies, and, above 
all, for your kind words in appreciation of the fact that at a critical 
moment General Greene endeavored, with success, to do his whole 
duty. 

With renewed thanks, and sentiments of the highest respect and 
esteem, we remain. 

Very sincerely, yours, 
George Sears Greene, Jr., Carleton Greene, Anna B. Lathrop Greene; 
George de Boketon Greene, Captain U. S. V., son of the late 
Commander S. Dana Greene, U. S. Navy; 
Charles Thruston Greene, INIajor U. S. A.; Addie M. Greene, 
Anna Greene Boughton, Abbie Greene 
Vigus, John ^ igus, Martha Barrett 
Greene, Sarah Robinson Greene, 
Henry Thruston Greene, Margaret 
Boughton; 
Anna M. Day, INIurray Greene Day, Alice Lavinia Day, 
Francis Vinton Greene, Major-General U. S. V.; Edith Greene, 
Charles A. Lindley, Katharine Greene. 
A. J. ZABRISKIE, 

Engineer and Secretary. 



Commissioners: Mai.-Ccn. DANIEL E. SICKLES, U. 

Maj.-Gcn. DANffiL E. SICKLES. U. S. A. Ch.lrman 

Brevet Miii.-Gcn. ALEX. S. WEBB . , ,.T,r,„.„,„ 

Brevet Brlg.-Gcn. ANSON G. McCOOK A. J. ZABRISK.IB 

Col. LEWIS R. STEGMAN Bngiactt ana Secretarv 

CoL CLINTON BECKWITH 
Major CHARLES A. RICHARDSON 
Brevet Major THOMAS W. BRADLEY 
Brlg.-Gen. NELSON H. HENRY, Adj.-Gen., S. N. Y. 



New York Monuments Commission 

FOR THE 

Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga 

23 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 

September 20, 1907 

<5recne fiDonuinent DcMcation 

Circular No. 6 

The followang program of exercises for the dedication ceremonies 
of the statue commemorating the services of Brevet Major-General 
George Sears Greene and the New York troops under his command, 
erected by the State of New York on the battlefield of Gettysburg, 
is published for the information and guidance of New York veterans 
and their families and friends who may be present. 

3fri&ai?, September 27, 1907 

Parade 

On the arrival of the column and escort, Second Squadron, Thir- 
teenth United States Cavalry, Major J. T. Dickman commanding, and 
Battery E, Third United States Field Artillery, Captain Arthur F. 
Cassels commanding, which will march from Gettysburg to Gulp's 
Hill under the command of Colonel Grumbach, grand marshal, 
the order of exercises for the dedication will take place as follows: 

21 



GcovQC Scars (5rccnc 
IProoram of lEicrciscs on Culp's Kill 

3 p. yi. 

1. Music, Citizens' Band of Gettysburg. 

2. Prayer by Reverend W. T. Pray, One hundred and second 
New York Volunteers. 

3. Introductoiy remarks by Chairman of Board of Commis- 
sioners, General Daniel E. Sickles. 

4. Music, Citizens' Band. 

5. Unveiling by George S. Greene, Jr. 

6. Major-General's Salute, Battery E, Third United States 
Field Artillery. 

7. Address by Colonel Lewis R. Stegman, One hundred and 
second New York Volunteers. 

8. Music, Citizens' Band. 

9. Introduction of Governor Hughes. 

10. Response by Governor Hughes. 

11. Music, Citizens' Band. 

12. Benediction by Reverend Oscar L. Severson. D. D., One 
hundred and thirty-seventh New York Volunteers. 

13. National Salute, Battery E, Third United States Field 
Artillery. 

Commissioners' headquarters will be at the Eagle Hotel, Gettys- 
burg. 

Headquarters of grand marshal at same place. 



Headquarters Grand IMarsiial. 
Gettysblrg, Pa., September 2G, 190'i 



■>r.} 

General Order 
No. 1. [ 

Having been appointed by the New York Battlefield Commission 
for Gettysburg and Chattanooga Grand Marshal of the parade at 
Gettysburg on the occasion of the dedication of the statue of Brevet 
Major-General George Sears Greene, on Culp's Hill, September 27, 
1907, I hereby assume command. 



(Bcorge Sears (Breene 

The following staff appointments are announced: 

Captain George K. Collins, One hundred and forty-ninth New 
York Volunteers, Assistant Adjutant-General, 
Aides : 

Major J. T. Dickman, United States Cavalry. 

Dr. Henry Stewart, of Gettysburg, Pa. 

General Edwin A. Merritt, Sixtieth New York Volunteers. 

Captain William N. Hall, Seventy-eighth New York Volunteers. 

General Robert Avery, One hundred and second New York 
Volunteers. 

Major Marshall J. Corbett, One hundred and thirty-seventh 
New York Volunteers. 

Colonel Henry C. Burhans, One hundred and forty-ninth New 
York Volunteers. 

James Whitlock, "Fourteenth Brooklyn" (Eighty-fourth New 
York Volunteers). 

Colonel John G. Butler, One hundred and forty-seventh New 
York Volunteers. 

John Schmidling, Forty-fifth New York Volunteers. 

Captain George L. Warren, One hundred and fifty-seventh New 
York Volunteers. 

They will be obeyed and respected accordingly. 

The headquarters of the Grand Marshal will l)e at the Eagle 
Hotel, Chambersburg street. 

The following will be the order of formation of parade: 

Second Squadron, Thirteenth United States Cavalry. 

Battery "E," Third United States Field Artillery. 

Greene's Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Army Corps, Six- 
tieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and 
thirty-seventh and One hundred and foity-ninth New York 
Volunteers. 

"Fourteenth Brooklyn" (Eighty-fourth New York Volunteers) , 
and One hundred and forty-seventh New York, First Army 
Corps. 

23 



(Bcoroc Sears Greene 

Forty-fifth New York \'olunteers tintl One luindred and fifty- 
seventh New York Volunteers, Eleventh Army Corps. 

Soldiers generally. 

Each regiment will be designated i)y a streamer, hearing its num- 
ber, and a brigade flag. 

The United States cavalry and artillery will assemble on Balti- 
more street, with the left resting on the public square, the cavalry 
on the right and the artillery on the left, and the volunteers on 
York street, in the numerical order above designated, with the right 
resting on the public square. The Citizens' Band of Gettysburg 
will form on the square, ready to move on command. 

The hour for assembly will be 1 o'clock. The march will be 
commenced promptly at 1.30 p. m., the column moving l)y Balti- 
more street to Culp's Hill and the Greene statue. The regimental 
formation will be by fours. 

Only veterans able to march, and who will not feel fatigued 
thereby, should make the endeavor. It is not obligatory on the part 
of veterans to join the procession. 

Trolley cars run near the grounds, and hacks are convenient and 
cheap. Don't try to march if you cannot. 

Seats will be provided for veterans and friends. 

A Governor's and Major-General's salute will be fired at (blip's 

Hill. 

NICHOLAS GRU^LBACH, 

Grand Mumlial. 
Official: 

(ii:ORGF. K. Coixixs, 

Captain and Assistant Ad'jutant-doicnd. 



©tber of lErerctses 



Unvocation b^ Zhc 1Re\>ercnt> M. Z* pra^ 

102II 1H, 1!?. WolS. 

A L:\IIGHTY god, THou who art our Heavenly Father, we 
thank Thee that thus far Thou hast been with us to bring 
L us to this day and place. We rejoice, O Lord, in the 
preservation of so many of us. While our experiences have been 
varied and our conditions in life have been different as the years 
have come and gone, Thou hast, indeed, been our Lord, our 
Father, our Friend, our Benefactor. We are thankful that we are 
gathered upon this historic and interesting spot of sacred memories, 
where we call to mind the contest in which we were engaged, and in 
our fancy feel the vibrations of the shock and tumult of the bloody 
battle. We are grateful, O God, that we now dwell under the broad 
wings of a peace that is delightful to contemplate, and we praise 
Thee for the opportunity to participate in the sacred exercises of this 
occasion. 

We thank Thee for the purpose of our gathering as we recall 
names that are near and dear to us. We thank Thee for the great 
and rugged personality of the gallant commander whose name is 
emphasized at this time, and whom we shall not forget in all the 
years before us. We thank Thee for the integrity of the valiant 
soldier whose sculptured form confronts us. We thank Thee for his 
unchanging individuality and marked personality wliich were so 
emphatic and impressive as he led us to victory. We thank Thee 
for the honorable citizenship that commended him to the respect 
and love of vast numbers of his fellow men in time of peace. 

We pray that Thy blessing may rest upon those who bear his 
name and who are united with him by ties of kindred and blood, 

25 



(Beoroe Scare (Brecnc 

and wlio call him father, friend and brother. We pray that Thy 
blessing may rest upon the exercises of the hour, upon all who shall 
take part; upon the chief executive of our State, that Thou wilt 
continue to give him wisdom and discernment and judgment; and 
that he may, with the same fearlessness that has already characterized 
him, perform the duties and responsibilities of his high office. 
May he and his advisers realize that God is with them, directing them 
all in the way of truth and uprightness. 

Bless the veteran heroes, not only those who are here, but those 
who cannot be with us and whose attention is turned in this 
direction, who fought here, and to-day are bearing the scars of 
battle. We pray Thee to be with the President of our country, 
that there may be a wise administration of the affairs of the nation, 
and that there may be a gallant stand for truth by all the officials 
of our land. And may Thy blessing rest upon the world in all 
its mutual needs, and hasten the time when wars shall be no more 
and the kingdoms of this world shall have become the kingdoms 
of our Lord, and we shall have come into a permanent and ever- 
lasting peace. 

We ask it in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of 
the Holy Ghost, Amen. 



^^^^ 




MAJOR GENERAL DANIEL E SICKLES. U S. A 



Hbbress \)^ flDajor^CBeneral Daniel E. Sicilies, III. S. H. 

Cbafrman mew IJorli Monuments Commlsislon 



Governor Hughes, Comrades and Guests: 

THE Legislature of the State of New York, at its last session, 
authorized the New York Board of ^Monuments Commis- 
sioners to provide transportation to Gettysburg for fifty 
surviving veterans of each of the nine New York regiments that 
took part, under the command of General Greene, in the battle 
on Gulp's Hill on the night of July 2, 1863, so that they could be 
present at the dedication of this monument, erected by the State 
to commemorate their services and the services of their commander. 

I am glad to welcome these veterans — more than four hundred 
of them — who are here to-day. Forty-four years after the battle 
they meet again on their field of honor. May God bless them and 
spare them yet longer. They represent the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, 
One hundred and second, One hundred and thirty-seventh and One 
hundred and forty-ninth regiments of New York infantrj-, forming 
the brigade of General Greene; also the Forty-fifth and One hundred 
and fifty-seventh regiments of New York infantry sent to his support 
by ]\[ajor-General Howard, commanding the Eleventh Army Corps, 
and the Eighty-fourth and One hundred and forty-seventh regiments 
of New York infantry sent by General Wadsworth from his division 
of the First Corps-. 

The Commissioners were also authorized to invite the Governor 
of New York and such guests as he might ask to accompany him to 
attend this dedication. His Excellency Governor Charles E. Hughes 
is here with us on the platform. Among his guests are the Hon. 
James W, Wadsworth, Jr., Speaker of the Assembly, the grandson 
of Brevet Major-General James S. Wadsworth, who commanded a 
division in the battle of Gettysburg, and who was mortally wounded 
in the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864; Captain John Raines, 

27 



6coroc Scars (Breenc 

a veteran of the war for the Union, temporary President of the Senate; 
and Major-CIcneral Frederick D. Grant, of the United States Army, 
commanding the Department of the East, the eldest son of the late 
illustrious Ulysses S. Grant, General-in-Cliief of the Army of the 
United States, and afterward President of the United States. 

The Commissioners were likewise authorized to invite represen- 
tatives of both branches of the Legislature to take part in the 
ceremonies of dedication, and we are also honored to-day by the 
attendance of Hon. William W. Armstrong, chairman, and the 
members of the Finance Committee of the Senate, and the members 
of the Ways and Means Committee of the ^Vssembly. 

We were, besides, authorized to extend invitations to the family 
of General Greene to witness the dedication of this statue of their 
distinguished kinsman. Of the descendants of the General there 
are twenty present, including his son, Major-General Francis V. 
Greene, late of the United States Army, and another son, Major 
Charles T. Greene, of the United States Army, who was an aide- 
de-camp on the staff of his father in the battle of Gettysburg, and 
who lost a leg in the battle of Ringgold, Ga., November 27, 1863. 

The battle fought here by General Greene on the night of July 2, 
1863, to hold possession of Gulp's Hill, has a conspicuous place in 
history. It is memorable, not so much for the number of the com- 
batants engaged as it is for the skill of the General, the heroic conduct 
of his troops, and in view of the consequences that would have fol- 
lowed the defeat of the Union forces. Greene was left here with a small 
brigade of 1,350 men to take the place of two divisions in defending 
the right flank of a great army. Eleven divisions of infantry had 
already been concentrated on the left flank. It is difficult to under- 
stand why the two divisions of the Twelfth Corps were ordered away 
from Gulp's Hill to further reinforce the left flank; excepting a part 
of Lockwood's brigade, they did not fire a shot. The Sixth Corps 
was already there, but was held in reserve, and had not been engaged. 
Two divisions of the First Coips were sent from the right center to 
the left flank, but they were nut put in action. The removal of the 

28 



6eoroe Sears 6reene 

Twelfth Corps from the right flank was a grave error. The best 
eflorts of Slocum, wth eleven thousand men in a battle with seven 
brigades of the enemy, that began at dawn on the following morning 
and continued until eleven o'clock, were required to regain all the 
ground vacated by the corps the night before. 

General Slocum, commanding the right wing of the army, made 
a wise selection in choosing Greene's Brigade to hold this important 
position. Its commander was an accomplished engineer, a skilful 
tactician and a resolute chief. His men were entrenched. He made 
all his dispositions w^ith prudence and foresight. \Yhen the enemy 
advanced to the assault, with three times the force that Greene had, 
the Union commander was ready for the combat. He was ably 
supported by all his regimental leaders, one of whom — the gallant 
Colonel Lewis R. Stegman, of the One hundred and second New 
York — is with us to-day, I am glad to say. He will describe the 
battle. The rank and file, with supreme confidence in Greene, held 
their lines without flinching, pouring a sustained fire upon their 
assailants with destructive power. Again and again the assaults were 
renewed, only to be repelled with fearful loss. The battle raged for 
nearlv three hours, when both sides rested on their arms until 
daybreak. 

It is remarkable that General Ewell, who commanded the enemy's 
forces on their left flank, should have sent only one division to 
capture this very strong position on Gulp's Hill, the right flank of 
oiu- army, unless he was aware that the position had been seriously 
weakened by the w'ithdrawal of the greater part of its defenders 
before the attack began. An hour before Johnson's Division 
advanced to make the assault, three divisions would have been easily 
repulsed by our Twelfth Army Corps, which then occupied Gulp's 
Hill. Ewell was ordered by Lee to move against our right to aid 
Longstreet's attack on our left flank, which began at three o'clock 
in the afternoon, but Johnson's Division did not advance against 
Gulp's Hill luitil near sunset — hours after Ewell was expected by 
Lee to attack. Johnson's advance was at once followed by an 

29 



6eorge Scars ©reenc 

assault on Cemetery Hill. This assault was made by Early's 
Division, supported by the divisions of Rodes and Pender. Cemetery 
Hill was held by Howard's Eleventh Corps. How did it happen 
that Culp's Hill was attacked by only one division, while three 
di\-isions were assigned to the assault of Cemetery Hill, unless 
Ewell knew that Culp's Hill was defended by a small force, and 
that Cemeterj' Hill was defended by an army corps .' 

How Ewell could have been informed that all but one brigade 
of the Twelfth Corj^s had left their entrenchments and marched to 
the left of our line, two miles away, may never be known; at all 
events, no hint of it has ever transpired. 

General Meade, in his testimony before the " Committee on the 
Conduct of the War," after referring to the troops of the Twelfth 
Corps from the right flank to the left, lea\-ing only Greene's Brigade 
to hold Culp's Hill, says, " The enemy, perceiving this, made a 
vigorous attack upon General Greene." General Longstreet says 
in liis " Manassas to Appomattox," — " General Rodes discovered 
that the enemy, in front of his division, was drawing ot? his artillery 
and infantry to my battle on the right, and suggested to General 
Earlv that the moment had come for the division to attack." This 
citation shows that the enemy was aware of the withdrawal of 
troops on the right. 

If the enemy could have secured this position, which dominated 
Cemetery Hill, the Confederate divisions of Early, Rodes and Pender 
were ready to seize that commanding height, on which their artillery 
would have made our line of battle on Cemetery' Ridge untenable. 
Steuart's Confederate brigade had already occupied the vacated 
entrenchments on Culp's Hill, and were within a short march of our 
reserve artillery and the trains of the army, in the rear of Cemetery 
Rid<'e. The stubl)orn resistance of Greene alone saved us from 
disaster. 

Strangely enough, the heroic defense of Culp's Hill was not 
mentioned in the official report of the commanding general of the 
Union Army. In this respect Greene was not more unfortunate than 

80 



George Sears (Breene 

Gregg and his noble division of cavalry, whose successful battle with 
Stuart's Confederate cavalry on our extreme right, on the afternoon 
of July third, was likewise ignored. Greene's battle was afterwards 
brought to the notice of General ^leade by General Slocum, when 
tardy recognition was accorded to Greene and his troops. Nor 
did Greene receive the promotion he had so well earned. He had 
already commanded a divasion at Antietam with distinction. He 
afterwards commanded a division in Sherman's army at the battle 
of Kinston, N. C. He was seriously wounded in the night battle of 
Wauhatchie, in Tennessee, under General Hooker. He was born 
in 1801, and was the oldest officer in the Army of the Potomac at 
the battle of Gettysburg; and he was the oldest officer in the army 
when he died, in 1899, in his ninety-ninth year. The famous 
General Nathanael Greene, so distinguished in our War for Inde- 
pendence, was liis ancestor. 

It was a source of great satisfaction to General Greene that he 
lived to see his four sons attain honorable distinction. George Sears 
Greene, Jr., his oldest son, attained prominence as a civil engineer 
in the aqueduct department of the city of New York and in railroad 
construction. In 1875 he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the 
department of docks in New York, and since 1898 has been a 
consulting engineer of that city. 

Samuel Dana Greene, the second son, was graduated at the 
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., in 18.59. He became 
second in command of the ironclad Monitor. In the historic battle 
between the Monitor and the Merrimac, Lieutenant Greene had 
charge of the guns in the turret, even,' shot from which he person- 
ally fired until, when near the close of the fight. Lieutenant Worden 
being wounded, Lieutenant Greene took command of the vessel and 
pursued the Merrimac, driving her into the harbor of Norfolk. 
He was promoted lieutenant-commander in 1866, and in 187'-2 he was 
commissioned to the full rank of commander. He died in 1884. 

!Major Charles Thruston Greene began his military career as a 
member of the Twenty-second Regiment of the National Guard of 

31 



©eorge Scars (5reene 

New York in 18C'-2. Soon afterwards he was promoted to a 
lieutenancy in the Sixtieth New York Vohinteers, a regiment in 
which his father was for some time colonel. Afterwards he became 
an aide-de-camp on the staff of his father, then in command of the 
Second Division of the Twelfth Army Corps. lie was present with 
his father at Gettysburg on July 2, 18G3, in the battle on Gulp's Hill. 
While leading the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Army 
Corps, into action at the battle of Ringgold, in Georgia, November 
27, 1863, he was wounded by a cannon-ball which killed his horse 
and severed his right leg. For gallant services he received the brevet 
commission of major, and was afterwards commissioned a captain 
in the Forty-second United States Infantry, commanded by General 
D. E. Sickles, being then only twenty-four years old, one of the 
youngest officers of his rank in the regular army. He was placed 
on the retired hst December 15, 1870. 

Major-General Francis ^'inton Greene, the youngest of the sons, 
was graduated from the United States Military Academy at West 
Point, June 15, 1870, at the head of his class. He served for sixteen 
years in the regular army — in the artillery and in the corps of engi- 
neers. Resigning from the regular army in 1886, he was commis- 
sioned colonel of the Seventy-first Regiment of the National Guard 
of New York in 1892, a command he retained until liis promotion 
during the war with Spain as Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He 
was given command of the second expedition to the Philippine 
Islands, arriving in Manila Bay July 17, 1898. After his services in 
the capture of ^lanila, he was made a Major-General of Volunteers 
to date from August 13, 1898. In September he was ordered to 
return to the United States and assigned to duty in Culia as 
commander of a division in the Seventh Army Corps. He resigned 
from the army February 28, 1899. 

Anna Mary Greene, the only daughter of General George Sears 
Greene, married Lieutenant Murray Simpson Day, United States 
Na\y, a son of Brigadier-freneral IIannil)al Day, of the United 
States Array, a classmate of General Greene in 1823. During the 



(BcorGC Sears Greene 

latter days of his long life General (Jreene made his home with his 
daughter, ^Irs. Day, at Morristown, New Jersey. 

New York may always remember with satisfaction the distin- 
guished part Ijorne by her soldiers on this memorable field. In the 
battle of July first our six divisions of infantry were all led by New 
York commanders — Doubleday, Wadsworth and Robinson, of the 
First Corps, and Schurz, Von Steinwehr and Barlow (wounded), of 
the Eleventli Corps. Brigades of infantry were commanded by A'on 
Gilsa, Coster, Von Amsberg and Krzyzanowsky, all of New Y^ork. 
W'ainwright and Osborn, of New York, were chiefs of artillery, and 
Devin, of New York, commanded one of the cavalry brigades of 
Buford's division. Doubleday took command of the First Corps 
when Reynolds fell. 

In the battle of July second, the right and left flanks of our army 
were held by the Twelfth and Third Army Corps, commanded, 
respectively, by Slocum and Sickles, of New York. The brigades of 
Ward, De Trobriand, Graham, Carr and Brewster, of the Thirtl 
Corps, the brigades of Zook, Willard and Kelly, of the Second Corps, 
Ayres' division and the brigades of Weed and of Rice (who succeeded 
Vincent), of the Fifth Corps, all New York commanders, sustained 
the many fierce combats that ended in the final repulse of the enemy 
on our left flank. Of these leaders, Zook, Weed and Willard were 
killed, and Sickles and Graham wounded. 

The heroic Greene of the Twelfth Corps, with a brigade of five 
New York regiments, supported by four others sent him by Howard 
and Wadsworth, firmly held our principal entrenchments on Gulp's 
Hill against the persistent assaults of a division of the enemy, under 
Johnson. 

Among the commands prominent in the events of the third day, 
when Lee made his desperate attempt to retrieve the fortunes of a 
lost battle, were the brigades of General Alexander S. Webb, of the 
Second Corps, and of Shaler, of the Sixth Corps, both of New York; 
the latter included three New York regiments, and helped Slocum 
recover our line on Gulp's Hill. .Vnd when Webb's brigade met the 



OeorQe Sears (5rccnc 

shock of Armistead's Virginians on Cemetery llidge the enemy had 
fired his last shot. And Kilpatrick, eommanding a division of 
calvary, of whose movement on the third Longstreet says: " Had 
the ride been followed by prompt advance of the enemy's infantry 
in line beyond our right and pushed with vigor, they could have 
reached our line of retreat." 

The commanders of the Second and Fourth Volunteer Brigades 
of Artillery Reserve — Captains Taft and Fitzhugh — were also New 
Yorkers; and Russell, Bartlett and Nevin, in command of brigades 
of the Sixth Corps, in reserve. 

Besides the Chief of Staff, General Butterfield (wounded), and the 
Chief of Engineers, General Warren, three army corps, eight divisions 
and twenty-five brigades, led by New York commanders, were all 
engaged in the battle of Gettysburg. 

More than forty thousand men fell on this field. On our side we 
had 85,000 in the battle; of these, New York contributed 27,GJ)'-2. 
The loss in the Union Army was 23,049, of which 6,773 was borne 
by New York troops. 

The State of New York provided 482,313 men for the Union 
Army; of this vast number 53,000 died in service. Of the three 
hundred renowned battalions whose losses in killed and wounded 
were the largest, as shown by Fox, the historian, fifty-nine 
regiments were New York troops. From 1861 to 1865 the State of 
New York expended $125,000,000 in raising and equipping its 
forces. New York regiments and batteries fought in more than a 
thousand l^attles, engagements and skirmishes. Apart from those 
on this battlefield, hundreds of naval and military monuments are 
already placed in as many towns and cities in our State. 

In all ages of the world's history, and in all countries, the admira- 
tion of the people for their military and naval heroes has sought 
expression in costly monuments built in honor of great commanders. 
In this countiy the disposition is to exalt the virtues and services of 
our citizen soldiers, upon whom the brunt and burden of our Civil 
War mainly IVIl. Eighty-six regimental and battery monuments. 



George Scars Greene 

erected on this field by the State of New York, wall have a touching 
interest for all time to our citizens, and, above all, to the descendants 
of the men who served in our New York commands. 

Gettysburg was a decisive victory, won at a moment when defeat 
might have been ruinous to our cause. It marked the beginning of 
the decline and fall of the Southern Confederacy. Our success here was 
gained over the most formidable army ever encountered by the Union 
forces. The advance of General Lee to the Susquehanna marked 
the extreme limit ever reached by the invading forces of the South. 

By common consent this famous battlefield has been chosen to 
signalize the patriotism, fortitude and valor of the defenders of the 
Union in the great Civil War. Eighteen states have erected memorials 
on this field to honor the services of their citizens. Four hundred and 
fifty monuments have already been placed here, and the list is not 
yet completed. 

It cannot be said that our people have been unmindful of the 
merits of our conspicuous military and naval leaders, but I some- 
times fear that the public regard has waned somewhat toward the 
rank and file of the armies and fleets that saved the Union. Let all 
of us who are here to-day, in the presence of so many heroes who 
defended this height from the assaults of aggressive and gallant foes, 
remember, as Lincoln said, that "There is one debt the American 
people can never pay, and that is the debt they owe to the soldiers 
on the field of battle who saved our Union." 

These occasions remind those who fill the executive chambers 
and legislative halls of our State of the perils, sacrifices and suffer- 
ings of the brave men who carried the muskets and who stood behind 
the guns on this battlefield. What would have happened if they had 
failed.' Imagine the havoc, the ruin and desolation that would have 
followed the march of a victorious enemy through Pennsylvania to 
the Delaware, and the recognition of the Southern Confederacy by 
the European powers and their intervention to stop the war. 

These brave men who are now present, and their comrades, 
remind this generation of the debt it owes to the soldiers who 

35 



(Bcoroe Scars (Brecne 

won the victory for the Union, not only for themselves, hut for the 
millions who enjoy the fruits of the triumph gained at the cost 
of so many thousands of lives. 

Let us hope that when these survivors of the nine New York 
regiments who saved Gulp's Hill return to their homes, fresh from 
a new consecration at Gettysburg, they may find in their fellow 
citizens in the towns and villages and cities where they live a 
renewal of the respect, esteem and admiration they received in the 
old days of 1865, when a restored Union and an enduring peace 
were the priceless gifts they bore to their famihes and friends and 
neighbors at home. 

On tliis occasion I am disposed to close my address — the last I 
shall make on this battlefield — by adopting as my own the words 
of the Right Reverend Henry C. Potter, then bishop of New York, 
taken from the oration delivered by liim at Gettysburg on New 
York Day, July 2, 1893. The bishop said, in commending to the 
people of our State and to their representatives the obligation and 
duty of caring for our surviving veterans of the Civil War: 

"They wore our uniform. By cap, or sleeve, or weapon, some- 
where, there was the token of that Empire State whence they came — 
whence we have come — and that makes them and us, in the bond of 
that dear and noble commonwealth, forever brothers. And that is 
enough for us. We need to know no more. From the banks of the 
Hudson and tlie St. luiwrence, from the wilds of the Catskills and 
the Adirondacks, from the salt shores of Long Island and from 
the fresh lakes of Geneva and Onondaga, from the forge and tlie 
farm, tlie sliop and the factory, from college halls and crowded 
tenements, all alike, they came here and fought, and shall never, 
never be forgotten, our great unknown defenders! 

"Do you tell me that they were unknown, that they commanded 
no battalions, determined no policies, sat in no military councils, 
rode at the head of no regiments.' Be it so! All the more are they 
the fitting representatives of you and me. the people. Never in all 
liistor}', I venture to affirm, was there a war whose aims, whose 



(Beorge Sears 6reenc 

policy, whose sacrifices were so absolutely determined by the 
people, that great body of the unknown, in which, after all, lay the 
strength and power of the Republic. 

"And is not this, brothers of New York, the story of the world's 
best manhood and of its best achievements ? The work of the great 
unknown for the great unknown — the work that by fidelity in the 
ranks, courage in the trenches, obedience to the voice of command, 
patience at the picket line, vigilance at the outposts, is done by that 
great host that bear no splendid insignia of rank and figure in no 
commanders' despatches — this work with its largest and incalcu- 
lable and unforeseen consequences for a whole people, is not this the 
work which we are here to-day to commemorate ? 

"All! my countrymen, it was not this man nor that man who 
saved our Republic in its hour of supreme peril. Let us not, indeed, 
forget her ci'^at leaders, {jreat o;enerals and o-reat statesmen: and. 
greatest among them all, her great martyr and President — Lincoln. 
But there was no one of these who would not have told us that which 
we may all see plainly now, that it was not they who saved the 
country, but the host of her Great Unknown. These, with their 
steadfast loyalty, these with their cheerful sacrifices, and these, 
most of all, with their simple faith in God and the triumph of His 
right — These were they who saved us! Let us never cease to honor 
them and care for them." 



H&&rcss bi? Colonel Xcwls "K. Stcoman 

1025 IHcw L'orh Vols. 



Boys of the Old Brigade, and All the Boys Who Wore the 
Blue: 

THIS is a memorable occasion for the sumvors of Greene's 
Brigade, and for all the boys who fought on Gulp's Hill, 
in the fact that we are permitted to be present at the 
unveiling of a statue to our heroic commander. General George 
Scars Greene, honored, respected and beloved by every man who 
carried a musket or sword under his orders. In our canij^s he 
was a father in his care for the boys. On the battle lines his form 
was ever at the front. Ilis presence was an inspiration. lie was 
a perfect soldier, believing in the American volunteer, and the 
volunteer believed in him. And glad are we that the State of New 
York has honored his memory by this magnificent statue of bronze. 

The battle of Gettysburg was a series of episodes, as all battles 
are, and right here, on Gulp's Hill, occurred one of the great epi- 
sodes which go to make up the history of this tremendous and 
significant conflict. On this spot, on the night of July 2, 1S63, 
under the direct command and supervision of Cieneral Greene, his 
troops fought in defense of this hill with such obstinacy and 
determination that the enemy were repulsed in four terrific attacks, 
leaving Greene the victor. 

Let us revert for a moment to the day of the battle here and 
survey the situation: 

Immediately to the southwest, within twenty minutes on the 
double-quick to an alert soldier, lay the liead<iuarters of the com- 
mander-in-chief on the Taneytown road, and the center of the 
Union Army,unfler Hancock, while directly to the rear of this brigade, 
across the Baltimore Pike, lay the reserve ammunition trains and 
reserve artillery of the Army of the Potomac, possibly five hundred 




COLONEL LEWIS R. STEGMAN 



(Beorge Sears ©reenc 

yards away. To protect this front, the right of the Union Hne, the 
Twehth Corps, Slocum's, was assigned. It was temporarily under 
the command of General Alpheus S. Williams, "Old Pop Williams" 
as he was familiarly termed, for Slocum had been placed in charge of 
a grand division composed of the Fifth and Twelfth Corps. Just to 
the left of the Twelfth Corps, on this ridge of Culp's Hill extending 
northwesterly, lay Wadsworth's di\ision of the First Corps, while, in 
extension, part of the Eleventh Corps had established a line leading 
over Cemetery Hill. Greene's Brigade of New York regiments, the 
Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and 
thirty-seventh and One hundred and forty-ninth, numbering 1,350 
muskets and seventy-four swords, occupied this front, extending 
from the apex of Culp's Hill, southerly, to a gentle swale on the right 
of the line where Kane's Pennsylvania brigade covered the ground, 
joining the First Di\-ision, which continued the extension to Wolf's 
Hill, past Spangler's Spring, forming the extreme right of the whole 
Union Army infantry line. Candy's First Brigade was in reserve. 
Several miles beyond were Union cavalry as outposts. Greene's 
Brigade was the left of the Twelfth Corps. 

Directly to the northeast of this position, a half mile or more 
distant, is Benner's Hill, running parallel to Culp's Hill but less high 
and prominent. On Benner's Hill lay Johnson's Division of Ewell's 
corps of Confederates, a corps that only two months before had 
been commanded by the redoubtable "Stonewall" Jackson. This 
division was composed of the original troops that had made Jackson 
famous, and particularly his old brigade, whose bravery had gained 
for him the sobriquet of "Stonewall." More gallant soldiers than 
these old veterans did not exist in the Southern service. They 
believed themselves invincible. Johnson's Di\asion included four 
brigades: Jones' Virginians, Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth, Forty-second, 
Forty-fourth, Forty-eighth and Fiftieth regiments; NichoUs' Louisian- 
ians, First, Second, Tenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth regiments; 
Steuart's North Carolinians, First and Third regiments; Virginians, 
Tenth, Twenty-third and Thirty-seventh regiments, and a battalion 

39 



(Bcovoe Scars (Breene 

of Man landers, the First battalion; and Walker's, the old Stonewall 
Brigade, of ^'irginia^s, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Twenty-seventh and 
Thirty-third regiments. Four batteries — Brown's, Dement's, Car- 
penter's and llaine's — comprised the artillery force. There were 
twenty-two regiments in the division. They had occupied Benner's 
Hill from the afternoon of July first, when they took possession of 
it, after the first day's fight, in which they had not participated, 
and consequently were fresh and ready for any duty they might 
be called upon to perform. 

To more thoroughly appreciate the position occupied by the Con- 
federate troops, it may be here stated that, by order of General 
Meade, the commander-in-chief, General Slocum, with General War- 
ren, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, had made a prelim- 
inary survey on the morning of the second of July of the enemy's 
position in contemplation of an attack by the Fifth and Twelfth 
Corps, to be supported by the Sixth Corps; but both officers reported 
against such a movement, based upon the strength of the enemy's 
position and the difficulties of such a movement. The numbers and 
position of the Confederate forces were fully explained to the com- 
mander-in-cliief and the proposed attack was abandoned. It will 
be well to recall this report, for when, later in the day, Greene's 
Brigade defended and held this position, not a single Confederate 
soldier who had been on Benner's Hill in the morning, when Slocum 
and Warren reported against such an attack, had been withdrawn. 
They were all there. 

About four o'clock on the afternoon of July second, right here 

where we stand, occurred a sharp artillery duel. Knap's battery 

of Geary's division, commanded by Lieutenant Geary, the General's 

son, and Battery K, Fifth United States Artillery, Lieutenant Van 

Reed, made a magnificent defense. When the artillerists on the 

guns were shot dead or wounded the lads of the Sixtieth and 

Seventy-eighth New York, then lying around here supporting the 

guns, took the places of the artillerists and worked them so skilfully 

and bravely that they were complimented by the artillery officers. 
40 



(5eorge Sears Greene 

The Confederate batteries were silenced, driven back, and one of 
their best beloved officers, young I.atimer, known as the "Boy 
Major," was killed. It was the only Confederate artillery directed 
upon this point, Culp's Hill, during the battle. 

While tliis duel was going on, there came ominous sounds from 
the southwest, the left A\-ing of the army. The crash of artillery and 
the frightful roar of musketry made it certain that deadly work was 
going on there. The volume of sound kept increasing, and it was 
e\'ident that a murderous Ijattle was on. It was Longstreet's 
desperate attack on the position of the gallant little Third Corps, 
commanded by the magnificent Sickles, and extending from the 
Peach Orchard to the Devil's Den, and later following the angle 
of the Emmitsburg road. The Fifth Corps was moved over to the 
relief of the small band who were endeavoring to hold the lines, 
followed by Caldwell's division of the Second Corps; and, finally. 
General Meade became so anxious in regard to the defense of the 
left wing that he ordered the whole of the Twelfth Corps to vacate 
its position here on the right and to hurry to the rescue of the left. 
General Williams, commanding the corps, ordered his old division 
under General Ruger to move, leading them in person, and soon 
thereafter Geary was ordered to follow with his division, by order of 
General Slocum, retaining one brigade to defend the whole corps line. 
That brigade was Greene's, the left of the division; Kane and Candy, 
with the First and Second Brigades, going with General Geary south- 
easterly toward Rock Creek, on the Baltimore Pike, where they halted. 

And hei'e one word of encomium for the prescient eye and brain 
of our noble Slocum. When he A\as ordered to take the whole of 
the Twelfth Corps to the left he protested to General INIeade that 
his advices from General Williams and General Geary were to the 
effect that the enemy were in strong numbers in their front, ready 
for an attack. He requested General ^Nleade to be permitted to keep 
(ieneral Geary's division to cover the works of the corps, not to leave 
them deserted. Then General Slocum says, "I was permitted to 
retain one brigade, and I retained Greene's." Thus it happened 



(Beorgc Scars (Brecne 

that by the sagacity of Slocum, Greene's Brigade was selected to 
defend this hill, this position. 

When Greene's Brigade arrived at tliis point on the morning of 
July second, having been relieved from duty on the extreme left of 
the army, under the Round Tops, where it had been assigned on the 
evening of the first day of the battle, it joined its comrades of the 
division and the corps. Immediately on its arrival, by order of 
General Greene, who personally superintended the work, the men 
commenced to construct earthworks, if they may be so called, com- 
posed of logs, cordwood, stones and earth, about breast high, a good 
protection against ordinary musketry. The works were finished by 
noon. The whole corps line, also Wadsworth's division, followed 
with works, and the right wing was ready for the attack. This 
brigade, for the first time in its battle history, liad constructed earth- 
works at Chancellorsville. By reason of a flank attack, made by this 
same Stonewall Jackson's corps, which lay out in the front here, 
the brigade had been driven back, regiment by regiment, fighting 
on regimental fronts. This first attempt to use earthworks having 
proven so futile and without benefit, the men of the brigade were not 
anxious about the works here. But tliey obeyed orders, particularly 
as General Greene walked along the lines with care, giving personal 
direction as to the measurements and the angles. ^Vlany a man 
who sits before me to-day grumbled that morning and afternoon at 
the persistency of "Pop Greene," their term of endearment, and 
prophesied that they would have their labors for their pains. Before 
many hours they rendered thanks and blessings for the skilful plans 
and judgment of their beloved commander. It seldom happened in 
their future career that earthworks were necessary, but the men of 
this brigade were never loath, after Gettysl)urg, to throw up all the 
works that might be necessary to defend any position occupied. 

It was nearly six o'clock on the evening of July second that the 
order for (iear}''s division to move was received — that is two 
brigades. Candy's and Kane's — leaving Greene to stretch out 
his thin line over all the space formerly occupied by the corps to 

42 



©eorge Scare (Breene 

make as good a showing as possible. As soon as Geary had led 
his men away, General Greene commenced to make dispositions to 
cover the space rendered vacant. The regiments of the brigade then 
lay along the line as follows: On this hill, joining Wadsworth's 
division, was the Seventy-eighth, then the Sixtieth, part of its front 
down the hill; the One hundred and second, at the foot of the hill, 
forming the center; the One hundred and forty-ninth next, while 
the right of the brigade was occupied by the One hundred and 
thirty-seventh. This was the position of the brigade when the 
firing of the skirmish line in front, over beyond Rock Creek, 
some two or three hundred yards down the liill in this front, 
became more acute than it had been during the earlier part 
of the day. Firing had taken place between the two skirmish 
lines at different hours during the day, and the Union boys had 
driven the Confederates close to their main line of battle. But at 
seven o'clock the order of attack was reversed; the Confederates had 
strengthened their skirmishers and they came booming. Greene's 
Brigade skirmishers held them nobly. Lieutenant-Colonel Reding- 
ton, of the Sixtieth, who had command of the line and had given 
his orders by bugle, blew for assistance, and the Seventy-eighth 
was taken from this immediate front and rushed down the hill and 
through the ranks of the One hundred and second to his relief. 
Redington had fallen back slowly, contesting every inch of ground 
so sturdily that the Confederates, in their official reports, speak 
of driving lines of battle. The skirmishers were already at Rock 
Creek when the Seventy-eighth reached them. The regiment 
received and delivered several volleys, when it became evident to 
Colonel Hammerstein that he was facing a superior force. He 
ordered the regiment to fall back into the works, joining the One 
hundred and second as a right wing. All the skirmishers who were 
not killed or wounded came rapidly to the rear. 

While this skirmish firing was going on, and after the Seventy- 
eighth had gone to their assistance, the balance of the brigade 
commenced to move to the right, except the Sixtieth, which had 



6coroe Scars Greene 

to cover the interval left by the Seventy-ei<i;lith on this front and 
to cover its orij^inal line down the hillside. The One hundred and 
second moved into the One hundred and forty-ninth works, while 
the One hundred and forty-ninth moved into the works of the One 
hundred and thirty-seventh, the latter moving into Kane's brigade 
works, part of (ieary's division line. In the movement the men 
had taken position fully a foot apart. There were not men enough 
to cover the ground tliey had been ordered to hold, and what 
should have been a strong line of battle was practically only a 
strong skirmish line. The extension had not been completed, and 
it was already dark in the dense and murky woods, when the 
Seventy-eighth and the regular skirmishers came over the works 
hotly pursued by the enemy. 

Let us revert here for a moment to the Confederate line to fully 
comprehend the import and strength of the attack on this jiosition. 
Early in the day, according to General Lee's plan, there was to have 
been a simultaneous attack made upon the right and left wings of 
the Union Army. Sickles and Slocum were both to be forced from 
their strongholds, and l)y their destruction the whole Union Army 
put to rout. Ivongstreet was to force Sickles, while Ewe 11 was 
to master this point. The opening of the engagement on the left 
was to be the signal for Ewell's advance here. AVhatever the reason, 
Ewell did not advance at the time specified. If he had done so he 
would have found the whole Twelfth Corps in the line of defense. 
He postponed his attack until only Greene's Brigade was left on the 
Twelfth Corps line. 

It is a matter of interest here to note an important point. When 
the First and a j)art of the Second Division of the Twelfth Corps 
were ordered to abandon their positions on the line, according to the 
oflicial records, the strong force of skirmishers which had covered 
their fronts were also withdrawn, the men rejoining their respective 
regiments, and proceeding with the main bodies to the relief of 
the left wing. It should be recalled that this skirmish line had 
been observing the enemy all tlay long, and at the same time had 



<5eorae Seave (Breenc 

been observed by the enemy. When it was suddenly called ])ack, it 
must have attracted the attention of the enemy at once, and efforts to 
discover the cause have been made. This would reveal that the main 
force had been withdrawn, and that only a part of the troops origin- 
ally stationed on the line were in occupation of this hill. Alert officers 
on the Confederate skirmish line could and probably did convey this 
important information to the commanders on Benner's Hill, only a 
short distance to the northeast. That this knowledge of tlie situation 
was in possession of General Johnson, the Confederate division 
commander, seems almost certain from the method and manner of 
his attack on Culp's Hill. His whole force in the attacks was con- 
centrated directly upon this point. He made no attempt to spread 
his lines to cover the corps position. Had the whole corps been 
there his position would have been hazardous, for his left flank 
would have been in immediate danger of being overwhelmed. As 
it was, Johnson's left was free, and from the first moment to the 
last engaged in the severe encounters on tlus front. Johnson's four 
brigades, in ordinary battle line, could have covered the whole front 
of the Twelfth Corps, a small corps on this field. As it was, three 
brigades came directly at this hill, determined to crush the depleted 
right wing. That they failed was due to the splendid skill of 
Greene and the desperate resistance offered by the troops under 
his command. 

When Johnson's DiAision started from Benner's Hill, Jones* 
Virginians led the column, Ijeing the first to advance. As they 
developed, Nicholls' Louisianians formed on their loft and immedi- 
ately thereafter Steuart's North Carolinians and Virginians, A\ith 
the Maryland ])attalion, formed further to the left, a magnificent 
battle array of seventeen regiments, veterans of proved merit. They 
were three lines deep. These were the troops that the Union 
skirmishers had met, before whose massive numbers they had fallen 
back. As they advanced and took j)Osition, firing by volley or at 
will, they aligned before these works in the same order in which 
they advanced — Jones directly under the hill, the Sixtieth line, 

45 



(Bcoroe Scars (Brccnc 

charging the front, Nicholls in the center, fronting the Seventy-eighth, 
One hundred and second and One hundred and forty-ninth, while 
Steuart, further to the left, covered the One hundred and thirty- 
seventh, all advancing in the fury of heated combat. All parts of 
the line were engaged. 

As previously stated, the lines of Greene's little brigade of five 
resriments had not been formed; the men were still movin"; to take 
more ground to the right when the storm struck them. Further 
extension was abandoned. The endeavor to hold the unoccupied 
works was given up in the necessity of fighting for their lives and 
the position they held. The men in march halted and faced the foe. 

Twilight and the murky darkness of the woods rendered the 
scene one of extreme impressiveness. The rebel yells, the "hi-yi" 
so familiar in many a battle, came ringing from the density Ijelow, 
and with it volleys of musketry. The blaze of fire which lighted 
up the darkness in the valley, the desperate charging yell and halloa 
of the Confederate troops, convinced the boys of Cireene's Brigade 
that an immediate engagement was on. They faced the emergency 
as became good soldiers, their volleys ringing in fierce rei)Iy to the 
Confederate offense. They battled with the determination that 
makes success. There were no heroics on the line except in the 
stern duty well done. For hours the crash of musketry was unceas- 
ing; three hours of conflict with rifle-balls at close quarters. And at 
the end the enemy had fallen back. Four times, with desj)erate 
yells, with the determination to carry these works at all hazards, had 
the Confederates charged; four times they went back discomfited. 
They had charged clear to the works, so close that they made attempts 
to grasp the regimental flags, and died as their hands clutched for 
the colors. They built breastworks of their own dead on this 
brigade front, so merciless was the Union fire; and the men who so 
used their comrades' bodies were killed behind them. 

(Jeneral Jones, of the Confederates, was early wounded in this 
immediate front, and Lieutenant-Colonel Dungan assumed command 
of the brigade. The official reports show a heavy loss. Nicholls 



George Sears Greene 

suffered severely; and on the right, in front of Steuart, the dead lay 
thick. To account for this defeat, the Confederates, in their reports, 
speak of forts which they attacked, and of the overwhelming numbers 
against whom they fought. The numbers they fought were the little 
regiments of Greene's Brigade, and the splendid though decimated 
reeiments which came to their assistance in the stress of the battle. 

o 

General Greene early in the engagement perceived the necessity 
of reinforcements and called for succor from the forces nearest at 
hand. To his aid were sent the Fourteenth Brooklyn (Eighty-fourth 
New York) and the One hundred and forty-seventh New York 
from Wadsworth's di\nsion, which hurried to the right of the line in 
time to help the One hundred and thirty-seventh in repelling a savage 
attack by Steuart's Brigade, then enveloping the right flank. 
They did magnificent service that night, which was continued until 
the next day by the Fourteenth Brooklyn. On other parts of 
the line came the Sixth Wisconsin from Wadsworth, men of the 
First Corps, w^hile the Eleventh Corps sent its gallant Forty-fifth 
New York, the One hundred and fifty-seventh New York, the 
Eighty-second Illinois and the Sixty-first Ohio to aid their comrades 
of Greene's Brigade in the defense of the position. How well they 
did their work is attested by the enemy's dead who lay where our 
rifles carried destruction. To our men all honor. Where all our 
regiments did such noble duty as was done here, no distinctions of 
merit can be drawn. They performed their full duty as soldiers. 

Just here, at the apex of this hill, men of the Sixtieth rushed over 
the works and captured two Confederate battle-flags and took prison- 
ers. Over on the right, Lilly, the color-bearer of the One hundred 
and forty-ninth, twice spliced the flag of the regiment when the staff 
was shattered in the hail of Confederate bullets, and the flag that he 
bore carried eighty wounds in its folds to show where the merciless 
shot had rent it. 

By ten o'clock the main fight here had ceased. The terrific 
musketry had died down. The four shocks of the enemy against 
this line had failed. He fell back across the creek, leaving only a 

47 



(Beoroe Scars Greene 

small force to protect his front, (irecno luid held this line: not 
one foot of the original works had been crossed by a Confederate, 
except as a prisoner. The flags of the Union line were intact; the 
I'nion line had captured Confederate colors. The right was 
secure for the night. 

One moment of rcx-iew of the forces engaged. On the Union 
side there were Greene's Brigade of 1,424 officers and men; from the 
First Corps about 355 men, and from the Eleventh Corps about 400 
men, for it must be recalled that the regiments of these two corps 
had been in the first day's fight and had been depleted to a fearful 
extent. Thus, on the defensive line there had been about 2,000 
men comprised in twelve small regiments. On the Confederate side 
there were seventeen organizations. Their strength is not given. 
One rejjiment defines its strength as 270 and its loss at nearlv 
three-quarters; another as 350, with hea^T losses. So it may be safe 
to average the regiments engaged at 300 each, giving a force of 
over 5,000 Confederates in attack. 

Deeds of heroic valor were performed upon every part of this 
field during its three days of merciless fighting. The dauntless 
defense of Seminary Ridge on the first day by the First and Eleventh 
Corps; the magnificent courage of the Third Corps from the Devil's 
Den to the Peach Orchard and on the Emmitsburg road on the 
second day; the saving of the Round Tops by the Fifth Corps, and 
the surpassing battle of Webb's brigade at the "Bloody Angle" on 
the third day, are all themes of song and story, splendid episodes of 
American daring. But nowhere upon this field was more dauntless 
heroism displayed than in the defense of Culp's Hill by the men of 
Greene's Brigade and those who assisted them on the night of July 
2, 1S63. 

Slocum says of the night fight: "The failure of the enemy to gain 
entire possession of our works was due entirely to the skill of General 
Greene and the heroic valor of his troops." What higher encomium 
can be asked for than that of our peerless corps commander.' 

48 




FROM PMOTO — COPYRIGHT OY MOFFETT STUDIO, CHICAGO 

HIS EXCELLENCY. CHARLES E. HUGHES. GOVERNOR 



H^^res0 b^ (Bovernor Cbarlea lE. Tbugbca 



General Sickles. Fellow Countrymen: 

WE have come to this field of eloquent memorials to pay 
a deserved tribute to one who, in supreme test, 
vindicated his manhood and his leadership. We are 
here as New Yorkers to commemorate the fidelity and valor of a 
son of New York. We have met as citizens on this consecrated soil, 
where, in severest conflict, the heroism of two armies glorified the 
American name, and in the victory of one was found the sure promise 
of a restored Union and of the happiness of these later years. 

You survivors of battle, in diminished ranks, mourning your 
comrades, and yet rejoicing in the memory of those heroic days, 
have gathered here to-day in honor of the brave leader under whose 
command the desperate engagement on this hill was fought. 

Veterans: To you these stones are quick with life. You live 
again in the comradeship of war; and those who fell here, and those 
who lived to fall elsewhere, are once more by your side. Each bit 
of ground has its story of daring, of resolute defense, of suffering, 
of death. Here in patriotic devotion you offered your lives, and the 
memory of your steadfastness at Gettysburg and on Gulp's Hill 
in that dark hour is one of the choicest of our national treasures. 

The Civil War was not more notable for its political consequences 
than it was for its revelation of the quality of our citizenship. Price- 
less as is the national unity which was gained through that struggle, 
the value of that unity rests upon that sterling character and the 
capacity for heroic eft'ort, which, in both North and South, 
found abundant illustration. The virtues displayed on either side 
of that fierce contest are the common heritage of a united people. 
And alike in heroism upon the battlefield, in fortitude, in the untold 
sacrifices of those that remained at home, in the skill, in the 
discernment, in the energy of leaders, in the discipline, readiness 



(Pcoroc Scare 6rccnc 

and valor of the trooi).s they led. stood revealed tlie splendid 
pertinacity, the inflexible determination and the moral forcefulness 
of American manhood. 

(General Sickles: New York is more proud of the maimer in which 
it met that test than it is of its wealth or its hroad domain. As you 
have said, New York sent -iOO.OOO of its sons to the Northern Army — 
one-fifth of its male population. In every part of this field are the 
records of New York troops — records of fidelity and honorable 
acliievement. As we have just learned in the eloquent words of 
Colonel Stegman, at a critical moment the boys of Greene's Brigade 
held firm imder an attack, made the more terrible by the darkness 
which covered the earth, from an invisible, superior force. They 
held firm and by heroic defense protected the safety of the army; 
and, to tlieir alert, sagacious General, we, the sons of the Empire 
State, erect this monument, expressive of our love, expressive of 
our pride, expressive of our lasting obligation. (Applause.) 

The generation which fought here has almost passed away. The 
distinguished leaders still with us, and in whose presence we rejoice 
to-day, recall to us the more vividly tliose who have already gone 
from us. Their sacrifices were not in vain. Those who died 
here did not die in vain. The same national character which 
accounted for the fierceness of that strife, in whose devouring flames 
were displayed the indestructible riches of moral strength, is ours 
to-day. The same patriotic ardor fills the breasts of American youth 
as when they rushed from field and factory and college at their 
country's summons. 1'he wives and mothers of America are as loving, 
as devoted, as ready to sacrifice and to suffer as were those of forty 
odd years ago. (Applause.) The men of the United States are as 
(juick to respond to the call of duty, as keen, as resourceful, as valiant 
as were those of our heroic past. They are blessed with the memory 
of your labors; they are enriched with the lessons of your zeal; 
forever will they be inspired by the example of your patriotism. 

"We are engrossed to-dav in the pursuits of peace. Mind and 
nerve arc strained to the utmost in the varied activities which promise 



(Beoroe Scars (Brcene 

opportunity for individual achievement. But the American heart 
thrills at the sight of the flag; the American conscience points 
unwaveringly to the path of honor; the American sense of justice was 
never more supreme in its sway; and, united by a common apprecia- 
tion of the ideals of a free government, by a common recognition of 
the riches of our inheritance, by a common perception of our national 
destiny, the American people should, and we believe will, go steadily 
forward, a resolute, a happy, resourceful and triimiphant people, 
enjoying in ever greater degree the blessings of liberty and union. 
(Applause.) 



■Remarhe bi? 
Brevet nDajor*(5eneral Hleian^er S. Mebb, in. S. ID. 

/ftcnibcr Hew L'ork flSomimcnts Commission 



IT seems to me as I look in the faces of the men who fought under 
General George S. Greene, that if the artist had asked where 
to obtain the inspiration to produce such a heroic representa- 
tion of the granil old General I would have told him to study the 
character of the men Greene led. 

You, by your continued, persistent and gallant exhibition of the 
highest and noblest characteristics of the Union soldier, made Gulp's 
Hill one of the main features of the battle of Gettysburg. That 
which you did here called for the most enthusiastic commendation 
of your brother soldiers, and especially from some of us who, sta- 
tioned at the point which the next day was to be made the historical 
Bloody Angle, could understand the importance of your holding this 
position and could realize the desperate nature of your struggle with 
superior forces. 

In raising this monument to General George S. Greene and the 
regiments that took part in the grand defense of this hill, the State 
of New York has endeavored to embody in lasting bronze its appre- 
ciation of the gallantry of this grand command, and to especially 
typify the brave Union General, who, with such tenacity, held his 
small force against about three times its number. Our State has 
desired to mark this spot as one of those to be recorded in history 
as exemplifying the ardor, the enthusiasm and the dogged determi- 
nation of the Union troops, who, on this battlefield, July first, 
second and third, took part in the expulsion of the rebel army from 
Union soil. The battlefield of Gettysburg, from this point to the 
extreme left, has very many points of intense interest to the students 
of military history, but there is not one which deserves more 
consideration by the student than this, held by General George S. 
Greene and his brigade. 

62 




BVT. -MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER S WEBB. U. S. V 




HOM PHOTO — COPYBIGHT BY MOFFETT STUDIO CHICAGO 

MAJOR GENERAL FREDERICK D. GRANT. U. S. A. 



1Remar??0 b^ 
flDajor*(5cneral JfrcbcricU ID. (Brant, in. S. H. 



I AM nothing of an orator, and to be called upon to speak, as 
General Sickles says, "is a surprise"; it certainly is to me. 
He is slightly mistaken in saying that I had never seen the 
Army of the Potomac before, because I was with you on various 
occasions, after the battle of Gettysburg, down in the Wilderness, 
and around Petersburg and Richmond. I was not there con- 
tinuously, but visited you and stayed with you as much as I 
could. I have a very vivid recollection of the time of the battle 
of Gettysburg, because I was with the Army of the Tennessee 
in the Vicksburg campaign and at the surrender of Vicksburg, 
on the very day that the battle ended here at Ciettysburg. 

I want to thank you for your cordial reception, which I feel 
is a tribute to my father; and I assure you that nothing gives me 
more pleasure than to meet and to know and rub shoulders with 
his old comrades of the heroic days of this Republic. I thank 
you for your greeting and for giving me the opportunity of being 
with you here on this historic ground. 



BcncMctlon b^ IRevcren^ ©scar X. Scvcrson, E). 2). 

I37tb m. L'. Vols. 



O, THOU GOD of the >sation, may Thy blessings of peace, 
prosperity and righteousness abide upon us still, and in 
loving tenderness on the remnant of that magnificent 
army assembled upon the field on which they fought; and may the 
blessing of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost be upon us 
evermore. Amen. 



IWotc 

During the evening of the day of the arrival of headquarters 
party at Gettysburg, Thursday, September 26, 1907, His Excellency 
the (irovernor, and General Sickles, Chairman of the Commission, 
received a committee from the faculty of Pennsylvania College, 
supplementing a visit to the Chairman in New York by a friend 
of the college, to urge the acceptance by the Governor of their 
invitation to deliver an address to the students at a convenient time. 

While passing through Gettysburg on a tour of the field during 
the day following the ceremonies of dedication, the party stopped 
on the college campus where the Governor addressed the students, 
followed by remarks by Generals Grant, Webb, and King. 

The President of the College, in a letter to General Sickles 
referring to this occasion, writes: "That informal meeting of the 
college students was a most impressive affair. Governor Hughes 
spoke direct from the shoulder, and delivered to those boys such a 
gospel of manhood and good citizenship as they had never heard 
before. It was greatly appreciated. 



Hb&re00 b^ (Bovcrnor Cbarlee fi. Hugbes to Students of 
Ipennsi^Ivania CoUege 



BOYS, I am very glad, indeed, to have an opportunity to say 
a few words to you. I have been in school for the last few 
days; I have had the rare opportunity of attending a 
school of patriotism; I have had a chance to learn something 
of the battle of Gettysburg from the men who played so import- 
ant a part in it— from General Sickles, General Webb and others. 
But, boys, here on this heroic field you have opportunities every 
day which I have now had for the first time in my life. I hope 
that the close association with it has not dulled your sensibilities 
or made you unappreciative of the consequences and meaning of 
the great battle. I tell you, boys, history is nothing except as 
those who grow up to take the part of the old actors on the stage 
have the manly courage and heroic spirit to continue the work so 
nobly begun by them. We love to peruse the pages of history. 
There is inspiration, but here is hope. 

I love to talk to a lot of American young men. I have learned 
of the valor of the young men who went out to battle at seventeen, 
eighteen or nineteen years of age — - young men who were willing 
to lie behind breastworks and endure the hardships of camp life, 
that they might have an opportunity to show what they could do, 
and that they might offer their lives in order that the Union might 
be established. But I believe that every one of you would be willing 
to do the same thing. 

■ I believe that patriotism to-day is just as strong, love of country 
just as pure and the willingness to sacrifice just as ready as it was 
in the sixties. But you have a different job. I would not in any 
way discourage the rehearsing of past achievements; I would not 
discourage the valor of the men who went out and did not know 

56 




O 3 

3 £ 

^ 1 

O Sf 

z = 



(Bcoroe Sears (Breenc 

when they could return to their liomes. But I also like to see the 
courage of a young man wlio will face a public job with the same 
heroism; and it is not an easy matter. I like to see the patriotism 
of young men, who, when they go out of college, will maintain the 
ideal of public service. And what a splendid thing it is to get the 
proper point of view! You do not learn very much from college 
until you get a true perspective, until you learn to appreciate what 
is worth while. It is worth while to have capacity for endurance; 
it is worth while when you get to forty-five not to have any notes 
come due; it is worth while to find that, when you reach the time 
when the burdens of life are right on top of you, you have not allowed 
that day of thoughtlessness and carelessness to rob you of your vitality 
and cause you to be unequal to the opportunity which every 
American young man expects to have. It is a splendid thing for a 
boy to have a good time, to enjoy the pleasures of good fellowship, 
to know what friendship and comradeship of youth means. It is a 
splendid thing to have all the fun and frolic of college life; and, 
yet, at the same time, if a yoimg man in later life finds all his 
strength and energy spent, there is something the matter. We 
have learned that on this battlefield in a few moments the decisive 
steps were taken. A man cannot in a few moments change the 
results of a wrong life. No man can expect to go through life 
carelessly and without any reference to the results of such living, 
and then in a great emergency to play the part he ought to play. 
What a man does in a critical emergency, when he is put to the 
severest sort of test, is an almost certain index to his previous life. 
It is a splendid thing to know what is worth while, jihysically 
and mentally; to get all the capital of information one can, so that 
one has something to work on. It is not a simple thing this — that 
a man should start right. It is not that a man should fu/nish 
himself as well as he can, to become just as keen and just as well 
equipped as he can, and then to see how many men he can "do." 
That sort of thing will make a man popular in some quarters for a 
short while. He will come back and tell the boys of the delightful 

57 



(Bcoroc Scara (Brccne 

experience he has had, and all that; but as time goes on the men 
who have that ideal go to oblivion. They eventually come to 
naught, whereas the fellow who is willing to keep his manhood 
right, and has a notion that his object in life is to enrich others 
and to make the best of himself, with the desire to give all of his 
best to the service of the community, lives on. 

That is the lesson we have to learn from Gettysburg. It is 
not all there. We must not think of it as a closed book. 
That battle was not fought for its own sake; it was fought that 
we might have a country where every man should have a fair 
show. And the many changes that have taken place since then 
help us to realize what it meant for our fathers to go out in order 
that we might have equal opportunities. These results can scarcely 
be estimated. At all events we should forget past difl'erences and 
past animosities. But we can never realize the Nation's ideals, we 
can never enjoy the fruits of the pure democratic spirit, unless the 
individual members of the community count service to state and 
honorable conduct of greater value than the amassing of riches or 
the obtaining of individual distinction; and the man who will cheat 
the public, or play the hypocrite in legislative or administrative 
position, ought to be driven out by public condemnation. 

I thank you, boys. Good luck to every one of you! I should 
like to shake hands with you all. 



%itc anb niMlitar^ Services 



of 



Brevet nn)a]or*6eneral (Beoroe Sears Greene 

ia. s. ^. 



JSb mtlliam jf. Jfcr, 5Lieutenant«Colonel "CI. S. It). 



life an^ flDilitar^ Services 

Of 

Brevet nDajor.»(5eneral (Beorge Sears (Breenc, III. S. ID. 

3Bb ■uamiarn 3f. ffojt, Xieutenant=CColoiTcl H. S. W. 



THE manly, heroic virtues which have given the American 
soldier an honored place in militaiy annals were inherited 
largely from the men who formed the early emigration to 
the American colonies. The emigrants in those days were, of 
necessity, resolute, fearless and self-reliant. They were men who, 
rather than subuiil to oppression, would bid good-bye to home 
and native land, brave the dangers of the sea and make their 
abiding place in a new and untried country. The women who 
shared their fortunes possessed the same .sterling traits of character, 
and were well fitted to become the mothers of a race of soldiers. 

It has been said of the pioneers, who, from 1620 to 1660, left 
England for the new world, that "they were stanch supporters of 
the rights of the people, and with them departed the very heart of 
England's manhood." Grapes are not of thistles, nor figs of thorns. 
Like begets like, and these men, possessing all the traits of character 
that go to make the ideal soldier, were the progenitors of a fighting 
race that was to stand undaunted at Lexington and Gettysburg. 
In tliis study of heredity a conspicuous example is found in the great 
soldier whose life forms the subject of these pages. 

In 1635 John Greene, a gentleman of good family in Salisbury, 
England, bade farewell to the land of his birth, and, crossing the 
stormy Atlantic, joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A few 
years later he allied himself with Roger Williams in establishing a 
colony in Rhode Island, and settled at Warwick in that province 
where his son John became, in time, the Lieutenant-Governor. 
Among his descendants in successive generations were men holding 



©coroe Scars (5rcene 

prominent offices in the colony — Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
United States Senator and Judge of the Supreme Court. Two of 
them — Major-General Xathanael Greene and Colonel Christopher 
Greene — achieved great distinction in the army during the War of 
the Revolution. 

In the seventh generation there was born, in the village of 
Apponaug, Rhode Island, on May G, 1801, 

(5C0VQC Sears (Brecne 

the distinguished soldier whose biography follows here. lie was 
the son of Caleb and Sarah Weeks Greene and a grandson of Caleb 
Greene. His father was a ship-owner who resided in the village 
of Apponaug, in the town of Warwick, where he owned several 
hundred acres, a part of the large tract which his ancestor, the first 
John Greene, had purchased from the Indian Chief Miantonomoh 
in 1G40. Caleb Greene had nine children, of whom four died in 
infancy, and the other five lived to be more than eighty — George 
Sears Greene attaining the age of ninety-eight. 

Young Greene, having completed his preliminaiy education in 
the grammar school at old Warwick, went to the Latin school in 
Providence with the intention of entering Brown University; but 
owing to financial reverses in the family, it became necessary for 
him to earn the money with which to complete his education, and 
so he secured employment in the office of a dry-goods merchant in 
New York City. While employed there he received an appoint- 
ment as a cadet at West Point. It is noted in the family records 
that he made the journey from New York City to the military academy 
on the Hudson in a small sailing vessel — the best available means 
of transportation in 1819. 

Entering West Point at the age of eighteen, he was graduated in 
1823 with high honors, standing second in his class, a class which 
numbered Seventy-nine members at its entrance. Among the cadets 
who were in the academy during liis four-year term, and who 
became distinguished were Mansfield, Hunter, McCall, Mordecai, 

02 







COCONEL--BOTTrNrv: IWBOM I RYJU^NBB?1 862: BRIG. 
GENERAL U. ^^VOLS. ApHltigflilBW ltebMM ANDED 
3d brig ape . i.2D DiyiSiCTjnJB'A'WKSIldD RPS AT THE 

^BATTIE orrmi PMjyiTAfN!W:U C«iWS62: 2d DIVl- 

SfO'C M ANSfltTD'S V6ft'pS*ArA'NTR1XM. SEPT 17, 
1862; 3d BRI?fXDE. 2d DIVISION, SLOCUWS CORPS. AT 
GHX\CFLL0RSVILLF,MA>''1-3, 1863:'AT GETTYSBURG. 
:JUn 1-2-3:1863; AND AT WAUHATCHIE, TENn!. 

to'ct. 28, 1863, where* he was severely wounded. 
.mfreturned to field duty march 1865. joining 
isherman's army in north carolina. in action 
Arch io.1865.*^nd in command of 

iT^ISIONfUNTlCISHERM AN'S ^A R MY 



S»>1»hWMr?l»>. 






ju. b. VOLUNTEERS 
IARGEDAPRIL30.1866. 






IT 



r 



T 



BRONZE TABLET. 
Placed on northerly side of granite pedestal. 



©eorge Sears (5reenc 

Lorenzo Thomas, Day, Mahan, Bache, Anderson, C. F. Smith, 
Bartlett, Albert Sidney Johnston, Heintzelman and Casey. On 
graduating, he joined the army as a brevet second Heutenant in the 
First Artillery, from which he was soon transferred to the Third. 
At the expiration of the usual graduating furlough he was assigned 
to duty at West Point as an assistant professor of mathematics, 
a position which he held for nearly four years, after which he 
was stationed at various artillery posts. A promotion to a first 
lieutenancy was received May 31, IS^D. 

In the summer of 1828 he was married at Providence to 
Elizabeth Vinton, whose brother, David H. Vinton, had been in the 
class before him at West Point, and was one of his most intimate 
friends. She bore him three children, two sons and one daughter; 
but all of them, together with their mother, died within a period 
of seven months at Fort Sullivan, in 1832 and 1833. From such 
an overwhelming calamity the only possible relief from the 
monotony of garrison life at a small and remote station was 
found in intense study; and during the next three years he read 
exhaustive courses in law and medicine, qualifying himself to 
pass examinations admitting him to practice in either of these 
professions. He also continued the studies in engineering which he 
had pursued at all times since his graduation at West Point. In 
the autumn of 1835, being still, after more than twelve years' 
service, a first lieutenant of artillery, he determined to resign from 
the army and engage in the practice of the profession of civil 
engineering. He obtained leave of absence until June 30, 1836, 
at which time his resignation was to take effect, and began work 
as an assistant engineer on the railroad from Andover to Wilming- 
ton, in Massachusetts, the small beginning of what is now the great 
Boston & Maine Railroad system. 

"While thus employed he was frequently in Boston and Charles- 
town; but it was while she was on a visit to ]Maine, in company with 
her father, that he met his second wife, Martha Barrett Dana, 
daughter of Hon. Samuel Dana, who had served for several terms 

63 



GcovQC Sears (5reene 

in the Assembly, the State Senate, and in Congress. He was of the 
well-known Dana family of Massachusetts, descendants of Richard 
Dana who came from England to Cambridge in 1646. They were 
married in Charlestown, Mass., on February 21, 1837, a happy 
union that lasted until her death forty-six years later."* Of the six 
cliildren by this marriage, one died in infancy, five grew to maturity 
and four survived their parents. Three of the four sons served in 
the military or naval ser\"ice of their country in time of war. The 
cliildren were: 

George Sears Greene, Jr., born November 26, 1837. 

Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene, United States Navy, born 
February 11, 1840; died December 11, 1884. 

Major Charles Thruston Greene, United States Army, born 
March 5, 1842. 

Anna Mary Greene, born February 19, 1845. 

James John Greene, born Septeinber 4, 1847; died October, 
1848. 

Major-General Francis Vinton Greene, United States Volunteers, 
born June 27, 1850. 

General Greene soon achieved a distinction in his profession as 
a ci\'il engineer that created a constant demand for his services. 
Much of his time was devoted to railway construction, during which 
he built railroads in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New 
York, Maryland and Virginia. In 1856 he was connected with the 
Department of Water Supply in the City of New York, and during 
his service in that position he designed and constructed the large 
reservoir in Central Park. The enlargement of High Bridge was 
also his design, and the work was done under liis supervision. 

In 1861, when it became evident that the Ci\dl War was to be 
something more than a militia affair, Greene tendered his ser\'ices 
to the Governor of New York. There was some delay on the part 
of the State authorities in providing for him an appointment suitable 

*From Memoir of George Sears Greene. By his son, Francis Vinton Greene. New York, 
1903. 

64 



(Beoroc Sears (5reene 

to his military experience and ability. But on January 18, 1862, 
he was commissioned Colonel of the Sixtieth New York Volunteers, 
and he re-entered the military service of his country at the age of 
sixty-one, or within three years of what is now the age for compul- 
sory retirement. Still, his health and constitution were such that 
he was physically the equal of much younger men, and he was well 
fitted to start again on his military career, one which was destined 
to give him a prominent place among the successful generals of a 
great war. 

The Sixtieth New York at that time was stationed near Balti- 
more, Md., where it had been ordered on duty as a railroad guard. 
Though composed of exceptionally good material, the regiment was 
lacking in discipline, its morale having been impaired by dissatis- 
faction arising from various causes. The former colonel had just 
resigned in response to a written request signed by all the line 
officers, thus creating the vacancy to which Greene had been 
appointed. His arrival in camp was a surprise to all, and a 
disappointment to some of the officers, who would have received a 
promotion in case the vacancy had been filled from within the 
regiment. 

The new colonel called a meeting of the officers at his tent, 
where, in a brief address, kindly but firm in tone, he told them 
what he expected of them. Under his instruction the regiment 
made a speedy improvement in drill and discipline, and soon 
attained a degree of efficiency that in time made it a first-class 
fighting machine. 

But Colonel Greene's service as a regimental commander was of 
short duration. After a stay of three months with the Sixtieth New 
York he received his promotion as a brigadier-general, his commis- 
sion bearing date of April 28, 1862. He left the regiment with the 
good will and best wishes of officers and men. He was succeeded 
by Lieutenant-Colonel WiHiam B. Goodrich, a gallant soldier and 
courteous gentleman, who was killed a few months later at the 
battle of Antietam while serving in Greene's division. 

65 



6coroe Scars Greene 

Greene received his commission as brigadier-general on May 
eighteenth, and his active service then ])cgan; it continued unbroken, 
except while disal)led by wound, until the surrender of Johnston's 
arinv, nearly three years later. With his commission came an 
order to report to General Banks, then commanding the Fifth 
Army Corps, fighting up and down the Shenandoah Valley against 
Jackson. On ^Tay twentieth Greene said good-bye to his regiment 
at Relay House and arrived at Winchester that evening, reporting 
to Banks at Strasburg the next morning. It was a week before 
arrangements could be made to assign him to command; and in the 
meantime, on ^Eay twenty-fifth, Jackson attacked Banks with a 
greatly superior force at Front Royal and Winchester, and forced 
him to retreat to tlie Potomac at Williamsport. During these 
engagements and the retreat Greene remained with Banks' staff, 
and Banks, in his report, says that he "rendered me most 
valuable assistance." 

Two days after reaching Williamsport, Greene was assigned to 
the command of the Third Brigade of the First Division, whicli had 
hitherto been commanded by his friend, George H. Gordon, Colonel 
of the Second Massachusetts Regiment; and Gordon left for 
Washintrton on leave of absence, Greene riding with liim as far as 
Ilagerstown. 

The circumstances under w^liich Greene took command of his 
brigade are briefly descril)ed in the volume, "Slocum and His Men; 
a Histor}- of the Twelfth and Twentieth Corps:"* 

"After its retreat from Strasburg. Banks' corps remained on the 
north side of the Potomac, in the vicinity of Williamsport, until June 
tenth, a delay due in part to the hea\y rains and swollen condition 
of the river. The men enjoyed a much-needed rest, and an oppor- 
tunitv was afforded to refit the column preparatory to resuming the 
campaign. While at Williamsport, a nice-looking, elderly gentle- 
man in the uniform of a brigadier came to camp and presented 

••'Slocum and His Men; a History of the Twelfth and Twentieth Array Corps." By 
Lieutenant-Colonel William K. Fox. U. S. V. 
66 



6eoroe Sears <5reene 

instructions from the War Department, placing him — General 
George S. Greene — in command of Gordon's brigade. He 
retained this command for a short time only, as Gordon was 
soon promoted brigadier for meritorious service in the preceding 
campaign, and on June twenty-fifth was restored to his position. 
But we shall hear a good deal more about this same General 
Greene before we are through with the records of the Twelfth 
Corps. 

"The river ha\dng subsided, the corps reerossed, the regimental 
bands playing the then popular tune of 'Carry INIe Back to Ole 
Virginny,' and moved southward by easy marches up the valley. 

"The return to Winchester revived the bitter hatred with which 
the soldiers regarded the citizens on account of the treatment 
received from the people during the recent retreat through the 
streets of that town. The soldiers asserted that some of their 
comrades had been killed by shots fired from houses along the line 
of march. But they resented most the scandalous action of the 
Winchester dames, who from the upper windows hurled upon them 
objectionable articles of bedroom crockery. In two regiments of 
Greene's Brigade the men were outspoken in their threats to burn 
certain houses which they specially remembered. 

"The wise old brigadier heard, but said nothing. Just before 
entering the town he issued orders that the troops should march 
through the streets in columns of fours, and that no officer or man 

o 

should leave the ranks for any reason whatever. As they entered 
the place the two disaffected regiments found themselves flanked by 
other troops closely on each side, and they were marched through 
Winchester without a halt out into the fields beyond, feeling and 
looking more like a lot of captured prisoners than the gay, fighting 
fellows that they were. They cursed 'Old Greene' in muttered 
tones, but soon forgot it, guessed he was all right, and in time cheered 
the General as noisily as any other regiments in the brigade." 

While Gordon was in Washington he was himself promoted to 
the rank of brigadier-general on June ninth, and, being very desirous 

67 



(Beorge Sears (5recne 

to resume command of his old brigade, he procured a specific order 
from the AVar Department to that effect. In the meantime Jackson 
had retreated up the valley and Banks had followed him as far as 
Winchester, where the two armies were confronting each other, when 
Gordon arrived with his order on June twenty-fifth. The follow- 
ing day Greene turned over the command of his brigade to 
Gordon and started for Washington, stopping a few hours at 
Harper's Ferry to see his son Charles, a lad of twenty years, then 
serving as a private in the Twenty-second New York Regiment. 

On June 26, 1862, the Ai-my of Virginia was organized and 
General John Pope assigned to its command. It consisted of the 
troops on the Rappahannock under ^McDowell, those in the West 
Virginia mountains under Fremont, and those in the Shenandoah 
under Banks. The designation of the latter was changed from the 
Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, to the Second Corps, Army of 
Virginia. General C. C. Augur commanded its Second Division, and 
Greene was assigned to the command of the Third Brigade, then 
composed of the Sixtieth New York (his old regiment), Seventy- 
eighth New York, Third Delaware, Purnell (Maryland) Legion, and 
First District of Columbia, the last consisting of a small battalion 
only. Greene received his orders in Washington, July ninth, and 
took command of his brigade at Warrenton, Virginia, on July 
twelfth. 

During the previous month Lee had brought Jackson from the 
valley to join him at Richmond in time to take a decisive part on 
June twenty-seventh at Gaines' Mill and in the succeeding "Seven 
Days' Battles." But no sooner had ]McClellan moved to the James 
than Lee began to plan his advance toward Maryland, and, as 
usual, the most important part in it was assigned to Jackson. 
On July thirteenth Lee ordered Jackson from Richmond to 
Gordonsville to meet Pope and hold him in check. Advancing 
north from Gordonsville, on August eighth, with his own and 
Ewell's and A. P. Hill's divisions, Jackson met Banks' corps, wliich 
formed the advance of Pope's army, on the following day, and 



(Seorge Sears (Breene 

an important battle was fought at Cedar INIountain on August 
ninth. Jackson outnumbered Banks two to one, but Banks did 
not hesitate to attack, and it was a sharply contested battle from 
about five o'clock in the afternoon until after dark. At one time 
Jackson's left flank was turned, and he narrowly escaped total 
defeat. If he had not been Jackson he probably would have been 
defeated. His own report, as Swinton says, uses "the words 
in which a general is apt to describe a serious defeat." But 
Jackson rallied liis men by his own personal influence, and at dusk 
forced Banks back to the position from which he had moved to the 
attack. It was, in short, a drawn battle, followed by the retire- 
ment of Jackson to Gordonsville, and Banks to Culpeper. Jackson 
had lost 229 killed and 1,047 wounded, and Banks 302 killed and 
1,320 wounded. As Banks had eighteen regiments* and about seven 
thousand men, and Jackson had forty-nine regiments* and about 
fifteen thousand men, the losses will indicate how gallant was the 
attack and the defense of Banks' Second Corps. Although not a 
decisive victory for either side, it brought Jackson to a standstill 
until Lee could rejoin him with his entire army a week later.f 

In this battle Greene's Brigade held the extreme left, as later 
it held the extreme right at Gettysburg. The greater part of his 
brigade had been sent away a week before on detached service — 
the Sixtieth New York and Purnell Legion to Warrenton, the 
Third Delaware to Front Royal — leaving only the Seventy-eighth 
New York, the District of Columbia battalion and McGilvery's 
battery. Sixth Maine, a total force engaged of only 457 men. This 
handful of men was stationed on the extreme left, in front of Cedar 
Run, and extending to the woods at the base of Cedar Mountain. 
INIcGilvery's battery was in front of them and supported by them. 
The most persistent fighting was further to the right by the four 



♦Official Records, Vol. XII, Part .?, pp. 138 and 179. Rickett's division of :\IcDowell"s corps 
arrived on the field shortly after seven o'clock in the evening with sixteen regiments; but the 
battle was then practically over, although this division lost I;} killed and 224. wounded. 

tConsiderable space is jriven to a general account of this battle because its size and importance 
have not usuallv been understood. 



©eorge Scars 6reene 

other brigades of the corps — Crawford's, Gordon's, Geary's and 
Prince's. But a determined effort was made by Ewell to crush the 
left flank. This movement was entrusted to Trimble's brigade, 
consisting of the Twelfth Georgia, Twenty-first North Carolina 
and Fifteenth Alabama, with Latimer's battery, numbering in all 
probably 1,'200 men. Ewell's and Trimble's reports and the maps 
prepared by Trimble and Hotchkiss, all of which are published in 
the Official Records, tell the same story. Trimble was to make his 
way through the woods along the western side of Cedar INIountain, 
silence McGilvery's battery and drive in the Federal left flank, viz., 
Greene's Brigade. Trimble says that liis battery was in position 
at three o'clock and continued firing until five o'clock, when his 
infantry advanced with the Alabama regiment as skirmishers to turn 
the enemy's flank, the other two regiments attacking in front. He 
further states that at dark, after seven o'clock, he "had possession 
of the ground occupied by the Federal left." In other words, during 
two hours, the hours of the heavier fighting to the west, he made 
no progress. Greene's Brigade and McGilvery's battery held their 
ground. The withdrawal across Cedar Run at dark was part of the 
general withdrawal of the entire corps by Banks' order. The losses 
in the two brigades were about the same, although Trimble had 
nearly three times as many men as Greene. 

This was the first time that Greene had exercised command in 
battle. His part was by no means the most important on that day; 
he was simply to hold fast to a certain position and not be driven 
out, the holding of this position Ijeing essential to the progress of the 
fight. He performed this part completely, satisfactorily. He was to 
have the same duty, each time with more at stake, at Antietam, and 
again at Gettysburg; and each time he rose to the occasion. The 
essential feature of his career is the unflinching tenacity with which 
he held fast to a vital position, always in compliance with orders, 
and against enormously superior numbers. His ser\'ices at Cedar 
Mountain received the hearty commendation of liis, superiors. Pope, 
Banks and Augur. General Augur, division commander, speaks 

70 



6eoroe Sears (Brecnc 

of "Greene, who, with his Httle command, so persistently held the 
enemy in check on our left." 

Augur and Geary were wounded during the afternoon, and 
Prince was captured in the darkness at the close of the engage- 
ment. The command of the division thus fell on Greene, and was 
retained until some time after Antietam. One week after the 
battle, August sixteenth, Lee joined Jackson with his whole army, 
and immediately began his advance northward. In this campaign 
Banks' corps took practically no part. Pope, in his report written 
at New York in January of the following year, takes occasion to 
criticise Banks, who, he says (at Cedar INIountain), "contrary to his 
suggestions and to my wishes, had left a strong position which 
he had taken up and had advanced at least a mile to assault the 
enemy." He further says that "Banks' corps, reduced to about 
5,000 men,* was so cut up and worn down with fatigue that I did 
not consider it capable of rendering any efficient service for several 
days." The accuracy of this judgment may well be questioned, but 
Pope acted upon it, and, during the two weeks of incessant fighting 
and marching, in which Pope was driven back from Culpeper to 
Washington, no more important duty was assigned to Banks' corps 
than to guard the immense trains and endure the fatigue of endless 
marching and countermarching. On the fatal day of August 
twenty-ninth, during the fierce fighting at ^lanassas and Groveton, 
about which there has been so much controversy. Banks' corps was 
at Bristoe Station, barely seven miles from Groveton by a fairly 
good road which would have brought it squarely against Jackson's 
right flank. t It had been there for more than twenty-four hours. 
It could have reached Groveton in three hours at the most. Who 
would say that if Pope, instead of leaving Banks at Bristoe to 
guard the stores which on the following day he ordered him to burn 
up, had brought him up with S.OOO fresh troops to strike 

'Banks' monthly return for August gives the number "present for duty" 8,851. Official 
Records, Vol. XII, Part 3, page 780. 

tGreene's pocket dairy contains this entry on August 29: "Firing north of us. Heavy 
cannonading." 

71 



(5eoroe Scars (Brcene 

Jackson's right flank during the afternoon of August twenty-ninth, 
the result would not have heen did'erent ? 

Greene's part in this discouraging retreat was simply to carry 
out his orders, guard the trains and care for the men in his division, 
three brigades and fourteen regiments, saving them as far as possible 
from unnecessary fatigue in their harassing duties and keeping them 
efhcient for any emergency. 

With the rest of the corps Greene arrived at Fort Albany, near 
the Long Bridge, at Washington, on September third. On the 
previous day the army of ^'i^ginia was merged into the Army of the 
Potomac under McClellan. Pope was relieved of his command and 
Banks was ordered to assume command of the defenses of 
Washington. His corps now became the Twelfth Corps of the 
Army of the Potomac — the third change of designation within five 
months. Major-General J. K. F. Alansfield was assigned to the 
command of the corps, and Williams and Greene commanded the 
two divisions. 

At the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, Greene's division 
was not only actively engaged, but made a record for hard fighting. 
good generalship and efi'ective service that has received favorable 
mention from every historian of that famous field. General Greene 
has become so well known by reason of his brilliant achievement at 
Gettysburg that there is a tendency to overlook or forget the good 
work accomplished by him and his division at Antietam. In order 
to explain the part which Greene's division took in the battle of 
Antietam, it is necessary to refer in the briefest possible manner to 
the general features of the l)attle. 

Pope had fallen back from Manassas into Washington, but Lee 
deemed it imprudent to attack its splendid fortifications, and 
therefore marched his army westward along the south side of the 
Potomac, crossed the river and occupied Frederick, \Md.. and then 
moved in the direction of Ilagerstown, intending to advance along 
the Cumberland Valley into Pennsylvania, as he did in the 
Gettysburg campaign of the following summer. lie was carrying 




I b b = 
O H = o 



5 -a B 



6corfie Sears (5rcene 

the war from desolated ^'irginia into the rich districts of Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, and if he gained a decisive victory the way to 
Baltimore or Philadelphia was open to him. 

^IcClellan, with Pope's army and his own, moved along the 
north side of the Potomac, cautiously, at first, until Lee's plans 
should develop. He reached Frederick on September thirteenth, 
and by good fortune there fell into his hands a copy of Lee's general 
order, written on September ninth, at the same place, in which he 
directed the movements of his army and disclosed his plan of 
campaign. ^IcClellan then promptly moved forward toward Lee, 
forced a passage of the Blue Ridge at Crampton's Pass and 
Turner's Gap on September fourteenth, brought Lee's army to bay 
in the angle between Antietam Creek and the Potomac on the 
sixteenth, fought a bloody battle on the seventeenth — as a result 
of which Lee retreated into Virginia on the night of the eighteenth. 

The Twelfth Corps was under command of Williams until the 
morning of September fifteenth, when Mansfield (a fellow cadet with 
Greene at West Point), arrived to take command. Forty-eight 
hours afterward, at the opening of the battle, while Mansfield was 
directing the fire of his troops, he received a mortal wound, from 
which he died the following day. Williams was in command of the 
corps throughout the campaign, except during these forty-eight 
hours. The First Division was commanded by Crawford; the Second 
Division by Greene. The latter contained eleven regiments, but 
they were much reduced by the marches of the last thirty days, and 
on the morning of the battle they numbered 2,504 officers and men; 
by afternoon they had lost 114 killed, 507 wounded and 30 missing, 
a total of 651. 

The division had crossed Antietam Creek late in the night of the 
sixteenth, and had gone into bivouac on the J. Poft'enberger farm. 
Hooker's corps, forming the extreme right of the army, was in 
front of it, and had been skirmishing with the enemy just before 
dark. During the night "the lines of pickets of the two armies 
were so near each other as to be able to hear each other talk, but 

73 



(Bcorgc Scare 6rccne 

the night l)eing dark and drizzly, they were not \nsible to each 
other."* Sumner's corps was behind them. The other corps were 
still on the oast side of Antietam Creek. The troops opposed to 
them were Jackson's Corps, forming the extreme left of Lee's army. 
At daylight the battle began, Hooker's corps being in contact 
with the enemy; ^lansfield's corps came into action on his left, 
both divisions marching forward with each regiment in column of 
companies, closed in mass. Each regiment in succession turned to 
the right and deployed l)y the left flank. While the deployment 
was in progress, (ieneral Gibbon, commanding the Fourth Brigade 
of Doublcday's division of Hooker's corps, reported to Williams 
that his division was hard pressed, and appealed for reinforcements. 
At his solicitation Williams detached the Third Brigade of Greene's 
di\'ision and sent them to Doubleday's aid, where they were hotly 
engaged throughout the battle. This left Greene with only 1,727 
men in the other two brigades. .\s soon as the deployment was 
completed a fierce attack was made on the enemy in their front, 
which was the same Jackson's Corps that they had fought in the 
Shenandoah Valley and at Cedar ^lountain; and opposed to 
Greene's division was Ewell's Division, and particularly that same 
Trimble's Brigade. It was a desperate fight. Jackson, whose 
reports are always moderate in language, says: "Our troops became 
exposed for near an hour to a terrific storm of shell, canister and 
musketry * * * the carnage on both sides was terrific. "f 
But Jackson was driven back, Greene's division advancing nearly 
a mile from their first position, out of one piece of woods, across 
open cornfields and into another piece of woods across the 
Hagerstowu turnpike and near the Dunker Church. It was all at 
close range, often at seventy yards or less, sometimes hand to hand 
with bavonets or clubbed muskets. Two Confederate colors were 
taken — those of the Fifteenth Alabama, in Trimble's Brigade, and 
of a North Carolina regiment. In the woods around the Dunker 

•Hooker's report. Rebellion Records XI.\, pjirt 1, |)age ^JIS. 
tOfficinl Records XIX, part 1, page 956. 
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(Bcorge Sears 6recne 

Church, Greene held on for four hours of desperate fighting. 
Sumner's corps came up on his left, drove the Confederates 
across the turnpike and was in turn driven out and forced back. 
Hooker's corps, on the right, was similarly successful at first, and 
then had to retire. The First Division under Crawford was finally 
pushed back. Greene's little division was still there. It was rein- 
forced by two regiments from Gordon's brigade — the Thirteenth 
New Jersey and the Second ^lassachusetts — and the Purncll 
Legion, which had returned from helping Gibbon. But Jackson 
also brought up fresh troops, and an overwhelming force was 
concentrated on the front and l)oth flanks of the division. In the 
face of this, and with the ammunition of some of the regiments 
completely exhausted after firing one hundred and twenty rounds, 
at one-thirty in the afternoon the division was forced to retire across 
the turnpike and to the first line of woods, historically known as the 
*' East Woods," whence they had driven Jackson's troops early in the 
morning. Later in the afternoon they took position behind Franklin's 
(Sixth) corps, on their left, of which only one brigade had been 
seriously engaged. Jackson did not renew the attack, and the battle 
practically terminated on this part of the line with the withdrawal 
of Greene's division from the Dunker Church at one-thirty p. m. 

The fighting around the Dunker Church was intensely fierce. 
Jackson's men fell where they stood with their faces to the foe, and 
so accurate was the alignment of their dead bodies and so uniform 
the intervals between them that they were mistaken by pickets 
during the dusk after the battle for a line of living skirmishers.* 

Lee retreated into Virginia on the night of the eighteenth, and on 
the next morning the Twelfth Corps was put in motion for Harper's 
Ferry, arriving there and taking possession of that place on the 
twentieth. Geary's division occupied Loudoun and Bolivar Heights, 
on the Virginia side of the Potomac, where they remained three 
months. Greene was taken ill early in October and obtained three 

*Hooker, who was himself seriously wounded, says in his report: " It was never ray fortune to 
witness a more bloody, dismal battlefield." OfGcial Records XIX, part 1, page 218. 

75 



(Beoroc Sears (5reene 

weeks' sick leave, which he spent in New York. But he quickly 
recovered in spite of his sixty-one years and rejoined his command at 
the end of the month. Geary, meantime, had recovered from his 
wound received at Cedar Mountain, and on his return, being senior, 
was assigned to the command of the division, which he retained until 
the end of the war. Greene resumed command of his old (Third) 
brigade, consisting now of the Seventy-eighth, One hundred and 
second. One hundred and thirty-seventh and One hundred and 
forty-ninth New York regiments, and tlie One hundred and ninth 
and One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania. General Slocum 
was assigned to the command of the corps (Twelfth). It remained 
at or near Harper's Ferry until December and then marched to 
Fairfax Station, about seventeen miles from Alexandria. In 
January it was moved to the banks of the Potomac at Aquia 
Creek, about twelve miles from Fredericksburg, and remained 
there until the Chancellorsville campaign. 

While encamped at Aquia Creek orders were issued for a rigid 
inspection of every regiment in the Army of the Potomac. Each 
regimental camp, without any preliminary notice, was visited by an 
inspecting officer of high rank detailed for that special purpose. 
The regiment was ordered into line, arms inspected, tents and 
company streets examined, all without any opportunity for prepa- 
ration. It was a severe test, but a proper one. Of the 324 infantry 
commands in the Army of the Potomac, eleven regiments received 
honorable mention in General Orders No. 18, ]March 30, 1863, as 
having "earned high commendation from inspecting officers," for 
which they were granted additional privileges, furloughs and leaves 
of absence. Of the eleven regiments receiving this high honor, 
one, the One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, belonged to 
Greene's Brigade, and it fairly represented the high state of 
eflSciency to which Greene had brought his command. There 
was some little dissatisfaction on the part of other regiments in 
the brigade, who claimed that they had passed an equally good 
inspection; but they finally contented themselves with the distinc- 



(Beorge Scars (Breenc 

tion that the brigade had attained in furnishing one of the eleven 
regiments which were thus selected out of the 324 in the Army of 
the Potomac. 

In April, 1863, while the brigade was encamped at Aquia Creek, 
the two Pennsylvania regiments were transferred to the Second 
Brigade, and Greene received in their place the Sixtieth Xew York, 
the regiment in which he held his first colonel's commission. The 
brigade as now constituted was composed entirely of regiments from 
the Empire State, and was known as Greene's New York Brigade. 
Its organization was the same as that which later on made its famous 
defense of Gulp's Hill at Gettysburg. The five regiments were the 
Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second, One hundred 
and thirty-seventh and One hundred and forty-ninth New York. 
No brigade in all the Union armies did more to enhance the 
military glory and renown of the Empire State. 

General Greene's personal appearance at this time is well 
described in Captain Collins' History of the One hundred and 
forty-ninth New York, in which he says: " General George S. Greene, 
the brigade commander, conducted the brigade drills. He was a 
AYest Point graduate, about sixty-two years old, tliick set, five feet 
ten inches high, of dark complexion, iron gray hair, full gray beard 
and mustache, gruff in manner and stern in appearance; but withal 
an excellent officer, and, under a rough exterior, possessing a kind 
heart. In the end the men learned to love and respect him as much 
as in the beginning they feared him, and this was saying a good 
deal on the subject. He knew how to drill, how to command, and 
in the hour of peril how to care for his command, and the men 
respected him accordingly." 

In ]\[arch, 18G3, General Hooker issued the order assigning a 
distinctive badge to each corps, that of the Twelfth to be a five- 
pointed star, red for the First Division and white for the Second 
Division. So Greene's men pinned their white flannel stars upon 
their caps, a badge which they were destined to wear with honor in 
many of the great battles for the Union. 

77 



(Beorge Sears (5rcene 

The White Stars broke camp on the morning of April "27, 1863, 
and started on their march for Chancellorsville, arri\'ing there on the 
afternoon of the thirtieth. The next day. May first, the corps joined 
in the tentative movement toward Fredericksburg: but Hooker, after 
meeting the enemy and encountering some opposition, ordered his 
army back to ChancellorsA^lle. 

General Geary, in his official report describing the movements of 
his troops during this reconnaissance under fire, says: "The 
conduct of Greene's Brigade was admirable at this juncture. 
Although it was exposed for quite a length of time to the fire of 
the enemy in a position where they could neither shelter nor defend 
themselves, nor return the assault, they bore themselves with the 
calmness and discipline of veterans, emulating the example so ably 
given them by their brigade commander." 

Returning to their former position in the woods near the Chan- 
cellor House, the brigade worked all that eveninof and well into the 
night in constructing an abatis, and, behind it, a breastworks of logs 
and tree trunks, covered with earth dug from a trench in the rear, 
making a orood defensive work. All along the front, bv Greene's 
orders, for a space of 200 feet ^"ide or more, the trees were felled, 
with their branches projecting outward to the front. Owing to a 
scarcity of entrenching tools, part of the earth from the trench was 
loosened by bayonets and placed on the breastworks by tin plates 
taken from the men's haversacks. TNTiile Greene believed as strongly 
as any one in the merits of fair, square, stand-up fighting, he was 
also a strong believer in the value of good breastworks. 

The place now occupied by Geary's di\'ision was in the center 
of the Union lines. Early Sunday morning. May third, the brigade 
was fiercely attacked, but it held its position firmly until, with the 
general falling back of Hooker's army, it was ordered to withdraw 
from its works. Some of the fighting, as at Antietam, was close and 
desperate, during which the One hundred and second New York 
captured a battle-flag and several prisoners from the Twelfth 
Georgia. Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, commanding the One hundred 

78 



(Bcoroe Sears Greene 

and forty-ninth New York, was wounded and captured by a Missis- 
sippi regiment, but the One hundred and forty-ninth rallied and 
rescued him, taking at the same time twenty of his captors 
prisoners. 

Much of the time on Sunday morning while Greene's Brigade 
was fighting in the trenches, it was subjected to a raking fire from 
a portion of the Confederate artillery which had established itself 
near the right of the Union line, from where it was sending shells 
and other artillery missiles down the whole length of Greene's works. 
Colonel Ireland, of the One hundred and thirty-seventh New 
York, says in his official report that in these trying conditions 
" officers and men obeyed all orders promptly and manifested 
much coolness and bravery. One man caught a shell that was on 
fire and threw it over the breastworks, and there it exploded." 
Surely Greene had reason to feel proud of the men under his 
command. The casualties in Greene's Brigade at Chancellorsville 
amounted to 528 killed, wounded and missing, of the 2,032 taken 
into action. The battle having ended. Hooker's army withdrew 
to the north side of the Rappahannock, and Greene's regiments 
re-established themselves in their former quarters at Aquia Creek. 

On June thirteenth the Twelfth Corps broke camp and started 
on the long march and arduous campaign that culminated in the 
battle of Gettysburg. The movement from Dumfries to Fairfax on 
the fifteenth was a memorable one on account of the intense heat, 
several of the men falling in the road from exhaustion or smitten 
with sunstroke. On the eighteenth a heavy rain with a hail-storm 
in the evening added to the fatigue and discomfort of the day. 
Arriving at Leesburg on the eighteenth, the corps remained there 
eight days, during which large details were made for the construc- 
tion of fortifications and repairs of old breastworks already on the 
ground. Greene's Brigade was encamped a short distance south- 
east of the village, the place where General Slocum made his 
headquarters. Near the camp was an earthwork called Fort Evans 
which had been constructed by the Confederates and occupied by 

79 



(Beorae Sears (Breene 

them at the time of the Ball's Bluff disaster, the scene of which lay 
about one mile to the east. A large detail from Greene's Brigade 
was immediately set to work on this fortification to put it in 
order for use. On June twenty-seventh the brigade crossed the 
Potomac at Edwards' Feriy on pontoons, and on the twenty- 
eighth marched through Frederick, the bands and field music 
playing their liveliest tunes. Greene ordered his troops to take 
the cadenced step, and as his well-drilled regiments swung along 
through the streets of the city the White Stars were greeted with 
cheers and cries of admiration from the throngs that lined the 
sidewalks. 

On June twenty-eighth Hooker was relieved, and General 
George G. Meade, commanding the Fifth Army Corps, was 
assigned to the command of the Army of the Potomac. The army 
was in the vicinity of Frederick, Md. Lee's army was to the north, 
in Pennsylvania, from the Cumberland Valley at Chambersburg to 
the Susquehanna River, near York. Meade promptly pushed his 
columns northward, and Lee ordered his to concentrate at 
Gettysburg. The two armies met at that little town, and the most 
important battle ever fought in the western world occurred there on 
July 1, '2 and 3, 1863. 

On the first of July the First and Eleventh Corps fought Hill on 
the northwest and Ewell on the north of Gettysburg, and were 
driven back through the town to Cemetery Hill. The Twelfth Corps 
had bivouacked at Littlestown, on the Baltimore Turnpike, and 
early in the morning had resumed its march to Two Taverns, about 
five miles from Gettysburg, Avhere it was ordered to halt and await 
instructions, and under certain contingencies to fall back to the line 
of Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles to the rear. While halted there, 
at one o'clock, a citizen came down the road from the direction of 
Gettysburg and told Slocum that a battle was being fought there. 
Soon afterward came a despatch from General Howard, explaining 
the situation, and asking him to come to his assistance. Slocum 
exercised the discretion of a corps commander, and, disregarding 
80 



Ceorgc Scars (Brcene 

Meade's instructions, immediately put his corps in motion and 
marched with all speed to the battlefield, arriving there between five 
and six p. m. The Second Division was sent by General Hancock's 
orders to the extreme left, near Little Round Top. The First 
Division, on reaching Rock Creek, turned to the right toward Wolf 
Hill. General Ewell, of Lee's army, sent Johnson's Division to 
occupy that position. But Ewell's troops were so exhausted by 
twelve hours' marching and fighting that he could not attack that 
night; and on communicatins; later with Lee he was directed to 
defer his attack until the following day and until he heard the sound 
of Long-street's jjuns on the right. 

It should be remembered, in order to appreciate the importance 
of the events on all three days in the vicinity of Gulp's Hill, that 
Meade was covering Baltimore, that he had decided, and had so 
informed his corps commanders in writing, to fight a defensive 
battle on the line of Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles back toward 
Baltimore, and that the greater part of his trains had already been 
assembled or were ordered to assemble on the Baltimore road. If 
the enemy gained possession of this road, Meade's right flank was 
turned, his trains in danger of capture, and the road to Baltimore 
open. 

On July second Meade reached the Ijattlefield before daybreak, 
and established his headquarters on the Taneytown road, about a 
quarter of a mile south of Cemetery Hill and half a mile southwest 
from Gulp's Hill. His first plan was to attack with his right, but on 
Slocum's advice this idea was abandoned, and he turned his atten- 
tion to posting his troops on other portions of the field. Geary's 
division of the Twelfth Corps was relieved by the Third Corps on 
the morning of the second and brought from Round Top across to 
Gulp's Hill. It took position on the right of Wadsworth's division 
of the First Corps, Greene's Brigade on the left of the division, 
connecting with Wadsworth; Kane's brigade on his right, and 
Candy's brigade in rear of these two as a support. About eight a. m. 
the First Division was withdrawn to the west of Rock Creek and 

81 



6C0VQC Sear0 (Brcene 

occupied a line in continuation of that of the Second Division, 
its right resting on Rock Creek and supported by artillery on 
Powers' and McAllister's Hills, the whole line covering and 
protecting the Baltimore road. 

It is stated by Captain Collins, in his History of the One 
hundred and forty-ninth New York Volunteers, that when this line 
was established "General Geary called a conference of his brigade 
commanders, and, it was understood, submitted to them the question 
of building rifle-pits; and expressed himself as adverse to the prac- 
tice on the ground that it unfitted men for fighting without them. 
General Greene was credited with replying that the saving of life 
was of far more consequence to him than any theories as to breast- 
works, and that, so far as his men were concerned, they would have 
them if they had time to build them." Whether this story is 
accurate or not, there is no doubt that Greene ordered trenches to 
be built as soon as his troops were in position, and, willingly or 
unwillingly, the men worked vigorously at them and they were 
finished by noon. Many a life was saved by them, and their 
great value during the next twenty-four hours was fully recognized 
in the reports of Slocum and Williams. 

The line thus occupied by the Twelfth Corps was about four 
thousand feet long. The point of Gulp's Hill, where Greene's left 
joined Wadsworth's right, is about one hundred and seventy feet 
above the level of Rock Creek and seventeen hundred feet from it. 
This steep slope, about one foot in ten, was heavily wooded with 
oak and chestnut trees, the ground was much broken, and it was 
covered w'ith granite boulders of all sizes up to a ton or more in 
weight. The hill sloped southerly as well as to Rock Creek on 
the east, and at a distance of about twenty-five hundred feet from 
the top of the hill there was an open, marshy meadow, or swale, 
through which the water of Spangler's Spring, just behind the line, 
found its way to Rock Creek. The rest of the line, south of the 
swale, was over a slight eminence, also heavily wooded, rough and 
stony, ending in Rock Creek. 

83 




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S - o 



(Beorge Scars (Sreenc 

In Greene's Brigade liis five New York regiments were disposed 
from left to right as follows: Sixtieth, Colonel Abel Godard; 
Seventy-eighth, Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert von Hammerstein; One 
hundred and second, Colonel James C. Lane (and after he was 
wounded. Captain I^ewis R. Stegman): One hundred and forty- 
ninth. Colonel Henry A. Barnum and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles 
B. Randall, and One hundred and thirty-seventh. Colonel David 
Ireland. These regiments occupied about fifteen hundred feet of 
the line — something more than half the distance to Spangler's 
Swale. 

Next came Kane's brigade, its trenches running forward at an 
angle of about forty-five degrees, following the sinuosities of the 
ground on to a slight knoll. The First Brigade (McDougall's) of 
the First Division was on Kane's right; and then came the Third 
Brigade (Ruger's) on both sides of the swale, its right extending 
to Rock Creek. Candy's brigade, of the Second Division, and 
Lockwood's, of the First Division, were slightly in rear and in 
support of the other two brigades of their respective divisions. A 
line of skirmishers was thrown out in front of each division beyond 
Rock Creek. 

After the trenches were finished, about noon, the troops remained 
in these positions without firing on either side until after six 
o'clock. Meanwhile, Ewell had brought the whole of Johnson's 
Dixasion into position on the east side of Rock Creek at the base of 
Benner's Hill. The division consisted of Jones' Brigade on the 
right, Nicholls' in the center and G. II. Steuart's on the left. 
Walker's brigade (the original Stonewall Jackson Brigade) during 
the night was brought to the assistance of Steuart on the left. There 
were in all twenty-two regiments, as fine as any in the Southern 
Army, trained by Stonewall Jackson and serving under him during 
the eighteen months preceding his death at Chancellorsville. 

Ewell, in his report, states that he was informed by Lee that he 
intended to make the principal attack on his right (Meade's left) 
with Longstreet's corps, and that he, Ewell, was "to make a 

83 



6eorge Sears (Breene 

diversion in their favor, to be converted into a real attack if an 
opportunity offered."* He three times repeats the statement that 
his movement was to begin when he "heard General Longstreet's 
guns open on the right." 

Johnson's artillery was posted on Benner's Hill — twenty guns 
in all — under command of Major J. W. Latimer, "the boy major," 
a gallant youngster less than twenty-one years old, greatly esteemed 
by Ewell and Johnson and by all his comrades, destined to receive 
a mortal wound in the artillery duel about to open. Johnson says 
that at four p. m. he ordered Latimer to open fire. Ewell says 
that "about five p. m., when General Longstreet's guns opened,t 
General Johnson commenced a heavy cannonade." Both say that it 
continued until nearly dusk. It was answered by guns on Cemetery 
Hill, and on Gulp's Hill where a section of Knap's battery and a 
section of Battery K, Fifth United States Artillery, were dragged up 
to the point on Greene's left and brought a cross-fire on Latimer's 
guns on Benner's Hill. The latter were silenced and withdrawn by 
hand after a great loss in men and horses. Both Ewell and Johnson 
say that as soon as the guns were withdrawn, about dusk, orders 
were given for the infantry to advance. But the Federal reports 
(Williams' and Geary's) say that the Confederate guns on Benner's 
Hill opened fire at four p. m., were silenced in thirty minutes, and 
that there was a lull, with only desultory picket firing, until about 
six-thirty. Greene says that the attack on the entire front began 
"a few minutes before seven p. m." 

Meanwhile, Longstreet's infantry had begun their attack about 
three-thirty p. m., and a furious battle ensued with the Third 
Corps, continuing until sunset, about seven-thirty p. m. Long- 
street was assisted on his left by part of Hill's corps, and their 
combined troops outnumbered Sickles' corps by more than two 



Official Records XXVII, 2, +46. 
"tin point of fact, Longstreet's guns opened fire at three p. in., and by four p. m. all his 
batteries were in action. The wind Ijeing from the southeast, and tlieir guns being .southwest 
of Benner's Hill and more than three miles distant, it is probable that Ewell and Johnson had 
difficulty in hearing them. 
84 



(Bcoroe Sears (Brcenc 

to one. Sickles himself was desperately wounded late in the 
afternoon, and was carried from the field. 

While the battle was in progress on ^Meade's left, the Fifth and 
Sixth Corps were ordered to the support of Sickles, and similar 
orders were given to two divisions (Robinson's and Doubleday's) 
of the First Corps, and one division (Caldwell's) of the Second 
Corps. ]\Ieade had thus sent nine divisions, numbering more 
than thirty-five thousand men, according to the official returns, to 
reinforce his left. Not content with this, in his alarm, ^Nleade 
ordered Slocum to send the entire Twelfth Corps also to the left. 
This last was a most injudicious order. Had it been literally 
obeyed, the result could hardly have been other than the total 
defeat of ]\Ieade's army, the capture of Meade and his head- 
quarters and the advance of Lee's army on Baltimore, only fifty 
miles distant. But Slocum saw how unwise the order was, and, 
at his urgent solicitation, Meade so far modified it as to allow 
Slocum to leave one brigade to man the lines on the right flank. 

The orders therefore came, between five and six p. m., for 
Greene's Brigade to remain, and the rest of the corps to move 
across to the left. The First Division started in the lead, reached 
its destination "near the position occupied originally by the 
Second Corps," and recaptured some artillery which had been lost 
during the afternoon. Geary, with the two brigades of the Second 
Division, was to follow the First Division, but by some mistake he 
took the road to Baltimore, marched along it until he had crossed 
Rock Creek, then halted, and, about nine p. m., started to return 
to his original position. Williams was ordered back about the 
same time. 

When the rest of the corps vacated its entrenchments, Greene, 
with his 1,350 men, was ordered to occupy the line of the entire 
corps. The order was given in each regiment, "By the right flank, 
take intervals." Whether this movement was observed by the 
Confederates, who had pickets on both Benner's and Wolf Hills, 
does not appear from any of their reports, but certain it is that 



(Beorge Scars Greene 

before the deployment was completed or one-half of the trenches 
occupied, Ewell sent liis men forward — no mere "diversion," as 
suggested by Lee, but the fiercest kind of an assault by every man 
available in Jones', Xicholls' and Steuart's Brigades. Greene's 
pickets were driven back to their trenches, and all the regiments 
stopped their half-completed deployment, faced to the left and 
opened a deadly fire. It was just before sunset. Jones was 
wounded in a few moments and carried off, the command of his 
brigade devohang on Lieutenant-Colonel Dungan, the senior colonel 
being also wounded at the same time. Night fell, but the fight 
continued. It was a most gallant assault, and as gallantly met. 

Between seven and ten o'clock, four successive and equally 
desperate eftorts were made by the Virginia, Louisiana and North 
Carolina regiments to climb that rocky slope in the face of that 
deadly fire and gain those trenches, and equally desperate was the 
determination on the part of the New York regiments that this 
should not succeed.* Against the works which were occupied no 
impression could be made, but the trenches of the First DiA-ision 
were empty. Ireland's regiment (the One hundred and thirty- 
seventh) was occupj^ing the lines of Kane's brigade, and these 
ended, as preA'iously stated, on a slight knoll in the woods to the 
north of Spangler's Swale. Steuart's Brigade overlapped Ireland's 
right flank, entered the empty trenches formerly occupied by 
Ruger's brigade of the First DiA-ision, then wheeled to the right 
and took Ireland in flank. But Ireland was equal to the emer- 
gency, changed front with one of his companies and faced it to the 
south, and held his ground until one of Greene's aides brought up 
a regiment from the First Corps to his assistance. 

Greene, reaUzing the fierceness of the assault and how greatly 
he was outnumbered, sent to Howard and Wadsworth, on his left, 
for assistance, and they promptly responded, Wadswortb sending 

*Diiring one of the assaults the men of the Sixtieth New York leaped forward from their 
trendies, surrounded about fifty of the enemy, including two officers, took them all prisoners, 
and with them two batUe flags, one the colors of the famous Stonewall Brigade and the other 
a regimental color. 



(Beoroe Sears (Breene 

him the Sixth Wisconsin, Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes; Fourteenth 
Brooklyn (Eighty-fourth New York Volunteers), Colonel Fowler; 
One hundred and forty-seventh New York, Major Harney; in all 
about 355 men from the First Corps; and Howard sending him 
four regiments — the Eighty-second Illinois, Lieutenant-Colonel 
Salomon; Forty-fifth New York, Lieutenant-Colonel Dobke; Sixty- 
first Ohio, Colonel McGroarty; One hundred and fifty-seventh 
New York, Colonel PhiHp P. Brown, Jr.; in all about 400 men 
from the Eleventh Corps. All of these regiments had lost heavily 
in the severe fighting north of the town on July first, and they 
had been subjected to artillery fire earlier in the day in their 
position on Cemetery Hill; but they all marched promptly and 
speedily, led by staff officers for a mile or more through the woods 
in the darkness, reaching Greene's trenches about nine p. m. They 
took position in the works, Greene's regiments falling back a few 
yards to clean their guns and obtain fresh ammunition. When this 
had been accomplished, Greene's men resumed their places in the 
rifle-pits, the other regiments falling back. After the attack ceased, 
these regiments returned to their own corps. 

Walker's Stonewall Brigade did not arrive in time to participate 
in the assault that night, but later joined the rest of the division near 
the deserted trenches of the First Division. It was about ten p. m. 
that Kane's l)rigade arrived on its return. Greene sent a staff 
officer to advise him that the enemy were in his entrenchments, and 
bring him around by the rear. Although fired upon by the enemy, 
Kane made his way successfully and took position on Ireland's 
right, thus securing that flank. 

The night wore on, the rest of the corps returning at intervals. 
The First Brigade (Candy's) arrived about one-thirty a. m. and took 
position in support of Ireland and Kane. Williams had also brought 
back the First Division under Ruger, but being called to a conference 
of corps commanders at ^Meade's headquarters, Williams did not 
learn the exact state of affairs until nearly midnight, when he 
reported them to Slocum and received his orders to drive the 

87 



(Bcoroe Sears (5rcenc 

enemy from the captured trenches at dayHght. Ruger accordingly 
threw out his skirmishers and found that his works on the north of 
the swale were occupied by the enemy, but that those on the south 
were unoccupied. He occupied the latter and disposed his troops 
so as to attack the former, and then waited for daylight. During 
this interval the corps artillery under Lieutenant Muhlenberg was 
placed in position as follows: Two batteries west of and parallel 
to the Baltimore Pike, opposite the center of the line and a little 
north of Spangler's Spring, and two batteries on Powers' and 
McAllister's Hills. These twenty-two guns opened fire as soon 
as they could see — about four a. m. 

Lee ordered Ewell to renew his attack at daylight, and Ewell 
and Johnson determined to use their utmost efforts to gain the lines 
which they had failed to carry during the night. Three additional 
brigades were brought to Johnson's assistance — Smith's of Early's 
Division, and Daniel's and O'Neal's of Rodes' Division — thirteen 
regiments in all, added to the twenty-two of Johnson's Division. 
They were just getting into position, reinforcing various parts 
of Johnson's line, at daylight, when the attack began by Kane's 
brigade in the center and Ruger's division on the right, with 
]\Iuhlenberg's batteries firing over their heads and bringing a 
destructive cross-fire on Steuart's and Walker's brigades. Johnson 
not only responded to these, but renewed the assault against Greene 
on the left. It was a hot fight from about four a. m., continuously, 
until about ten-thirty a. m. — the longest sustained action on any 
part of the field. On the right there was a murderous charge 
across the open swale by the Second Massachusetts and the 
Twenty-seventh Indiana, in which they were unsuccessful, and 
in a few minutes lost 246 men out of a total of 659. On the left 
Johnson hurled regiment after regiment up the rocky, wooded 
slope, but Greene, now reinforced by Lockwood's brigade (First 
Maryland, Colonel INIaulsby; First Eastern Shore of Maryland, 
Colonel Wallace, and One hundred and fiftieth New York, 
Colonel Ketcham), and four regiments from Candy's brigade. 



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always drove them back. Major Leigh, Johnson's Chief of Staff, 
was killed within a few yards of Greene's trenches. Geary's report 
says his body was "pierced by a dozen balls." In the center Kane's 
recapture of the abandoned trenches was accompanied with equally 
desperate fighting. 

About ten-thirty a. m. the Confederates ceased their attacks, 
and a final eft'ort was made by Geary and Ruger which resulted in 
regaining every part of the line. Ewell withdrew behind Rock 
Creek and toward the Hanover road, and when night fell he 
received orders from Lee to march to the range of hills west of the 
town which he had occupied on July first. 

Thus ended one of the most memorable episodes at Gettysburg 
— the defense of the right flank, absolutely vital to the success of 
the battle. Greene's Brigade, with its five New York regiments, 
numbered 7i officers and 1,350 men, and lost 303. Four New York 
regiments from other corps came to his aid; they numbered less than 
450 men. Just what their losses were at Gulp's Hill cannot be stated, 
as all of them were engaged in the severe fighting of the first day and 
the losses are not reported separately. But their losses in the three 
days' fighting were 111 killed, 450 wounded and 483 missing, a total 
of 1,044. Three regiments from other states and other corps were 
also sent to his support; their losses were 41 killed, 174 wounded 
and 119 missing, a total of 334. For the same reason it is impossi- 
ble to say what portion of these losses were on Gulp's Hill. These 
regiments all rendered valuable and effective service, but their 
heaviest fighting was in other parts of the field on the first day, and 
their monuments are placed there. They were with Greene but a 
short time. The brunt of the attack fell on the five regiments of 
the brigade proper. Against them came three brigades — Jones', 
Nicholls' and Steuart's — with seventeen regiments. Their numbers 
are not separately given in the Confederate reports, but they 
probably were about 5,100; their losses were 1,493. There is little 
reason to doubt that the losses among Greene's assailants were 
greater than his own forces. More than 1,700 Confederate muskets 



(Seoroe Sears (Breene 

were picked up in front of his lines, and the trees, riddled and 
scarred with bullets, attested the severity of the fight. 

From his comrades and immediate superiors Greene received the 
warmest encomiums on his wonderful achievement. Kane, in his 
report (July 6), says, "the noble veteran Greene, by his resistance 
against overwhelming odds, it should be remembered, saved the 
army." Geary, in his report (July 29), said: " Greene's Brigade now 
behaved with the most unflinching gallantry, sustaining their desperate 
position during an incessant attack of two and a half hours 
from vastly superior numbers. * * * The heaps of rebel 
dead and wounded in front of their lines afterward attested their 
desperate determination." Williams, in his report (August 22), says: 
"General Greene seized with skill and judgment the advantages of 
this position and held it with his small brigade against overwhelm- 
ing numbers with signal gallantry and determination. * * * This 
gallant officer merits special mention for the faithful and able man- 
ner in which he conducted this defense." Slocum, in his report 
(August 23), says: "General Greene handled his command with 
great skill, and his men fought with gallantry never surpassed by 
any troops under my command"; and in a supplementary report 
(December 30) "the failure of the enemy to gain entire possession 
of our works was due entirely to the skill of General Greene and 
the heroic valor of his troops." These flattering comments were 
confirmed and strengthened as the years passed on. In an address 
in 1894 General Howard speaks of "Greene's marvelous night 
battle," and again "Slocum's resolute insistence (that Greene's 
Brigade remain to hold the trenches) prevented Meade's losing 
the battle of Gettysburg." 

In a speech at Gettysburg, in 1893, General Longstreet 
"conceded to Greene's Brigade the credit of having successfully 
prevented the Confederates from turning General Meade's right 
flank."* Finally Mr. Leslie J. Perry, for many years in charge of 
the official records in the War Department, and thoroughly familiar 

*"New York at Gettysburg." Vol. 1, p. 4+9. 
90 



(Beoroe Scars (Breenc 

with them, soon after Greene's death, in 1899, wrote a remarkably 
succinct and clear account of Greene's services. In this he says: 
"One of the danger spots on the field of Gettysburg was the right 
flank of the Union position. * * * At one critical stage of 
Union affairs it looked as if this vital point was lost. To the 
coolness, alert courage and signal ability of one of the finest 
officers whose names ever graced our army rolls, General Meade 
owed the safety of his right rear on the night of July 2, 1863. 
That officer was General George S. Greene. * * * The Greene 
exploit grow and grew, until now it stands out as a salient feature 
of one of the country's greatest battles, one of the turning points 
of the struggle." 

It remained for ^Nleade, with the official reports of July and 
August, above quoted, in his possession, to make his own report 
(October first), in which he completely ignored Greene, not even 
mentioning his name, and referred to the entire battle on the right 
in twelve lines containing as many errors as could well be crowded 
into so small a space. But as soon as Slocum and Williams saw^ this, 
they wrote to Meade an indignant, but respectful, protest. Meade 
replied (February 26, 1864), "I am not prepared to admit tliis as 
an error"; and on the very same day wrote to General Halleck, 
asking that this report of October first be corrected in various 
particulars. In regard to Greene he asked that certain paragraphs 
be stricken out and the following substituted: "The enemy * * 
attacked General Greene with great vigor, who, making a gallant 
defense, and being soon reinforced by portions of the First and 
Eleventh Corps, contiguous to him, succeeded in repulsing all the 
efforts of the enemy to dislodge him." The excuse which Meade 
made for his glaring errors was that he w as unable to read the reports 
of his subordinate commanders. 

But even this grudging acknowledgment and correction came too 
late. The harm was done. Rightly or wrongly, as Slocum wrote 
to Meade, "Your report is the official history of that important 
battle." Even in its amended form it failed to do justice; and 



(Bcorcie Scars 6reenc 

doubtless, in consequence of this, Greene failed to receive the 
promotion to which he was entitled and for which he was 
constantly recommended by his immediate superiors. But the 
State of New York has done ample justice to his great services, 
and in this noble monument at Gettysburg, erected to "commem- 
orate the services of General Greene and the New York troops 
under his command," the State has finally and for all time 
vindicated his fame. 

After the battle of Gettysburg the New York Brigade, still under 
command of General Greene, participated in the pursuit of 
General Lee's army and movement to Williamsport, where it was 
expected another general engagement would take place. But 
Lee, having recrossed the Potomac in safety, there was no more 
fighting and the Gettysburg campaign ended then and there. 

Accompanying the Army of the Potomac on its return to 
Virginia, and crossing Virginia between the Shenandoah and the 
Potomac for the fifth and last time, Greene's Brigade arrived at 
Ellis' Ford, on the Rappahannock River, July 31, 1863. Occupy- 
ing the ford and its approaches, Greene's pickets extended from 
a point about five-eighths of a mile below on the river, thence around 
the camp to a point about the same distance above. 

In September the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were ordered from 
Virginia and the Army of the Potomac to reinforce the Army of the 
Cumberland at Chattanooga. Greene's Brigade accompanied this 
movement, and on the afternoon of the twenty-eighth of September 
entrained at Bealton Station, Va., preparatory to the long journey. 
Accommodations were far from satisfactory, the men having to ride 
in freight cars fitted with rough board seats, but with no other 
conveniences for sleeping. Moving by way of the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad through Harper's Ferry, Martinsburg, Cumberland 
and Grafton, the troops crossed the Ohio River at Bellaire on a 
temporary bridge built of pontoons and barges. Thence their 
route led through Columbus, Dayton, Indianapolis, Louisville and 
Nashville to Murfreesborough, Tenn., arriving there October sixth. 

92 




< a 



UJ S 



(Beoroc Sears Greene 

After considerable active duty and expeditions to and fro along the 
line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Geary's division 
arrived on October twenty-fifth at Bridgeport, Tenn., a station 
which was then practically the terminus of the railroad. 

On the morning of October twenty-seventh Geary's division, 
preceded by the Eleventh Corps, left Bridgeport, and, crossing 
the Tennessee River on pontoons, commenced the movement to 
Chattanooga with a view to opening up communication with 
Thomas' army at that place. Geary was unable to concentrate 
his entire command at Bridgeport in time for this advance, and so 
marched away without Candy's brigade and the One hundred and 
second New York, of Greene's Brigade. Moving by way of 
Running Waters and Whiteside's, the column arrived on the twenty- 
eighth at Wauhatchie, six miles from Chattanooga, where it 
encamped at five p. m. On passing Whiteside's the Sixtieth New 
York, of Greene's Brigade, was detached, with orders to hold the 
pass leading from that place to Trenton. When General Hooker 
halted Geary's command at Wauhatchie, he ordered the Eleventh 
Corps on to Brown's Ferry, three miles further, leaving Geary in 
the valley, where his unsupported and isolated position naturally 
invited attack. 

On October twenty-eighth, the day Geary arrived at Wauhatchie. 
the Confederate Generals Bragg and Longstreet, from their position 
on Lookout Mountain, noted Geary's encampment in the valley 
and its remoteness from the main body of the Union troops. Long- 
street states in his official report that "This was the force which I 
hoped to be able to cut off, surprise and capture," and he ordered a 
night attack to be made by the forces of Generals Jenkins and Law. 

As soon as the night was far enough advanced to conceal the 
movement, the Confederate leader placed Law's and Robertson's 
Brigades on the hill commanding the road with the intention of 
intercepting any reinforcements from Brown's Ferry, and then sent 
Bratton's South Carolina brigade on its mission to " cut off, surprise 
and capture" Geary's command. Benning's Brigade was placed on 



(5C0VQC Scare 6rccnc 

Law's left, where it was in position to reinforce Bratton. These 
four brigades, constituting Hood's Division, "should have 
mustered" 5,000 men, according to Longstreet's statement. 

Geary had with him at this time two brigades — Greene's and 
Cobham's — of which there were only six regiments present 
altogether, with one battery of four guns. The regiments were 
small. Geary says that his infantry carried 93 officers and 1,499 
enlisted men into action at Wauhatchie. 

Shortly after midnight Bratton's advance encountered the pickets 
of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania, whose vigilance and steady resist- 
ance gave Geary notice of the impending attack in time to get his 
troops in line. In the engagement which followed the fighting was 
desperate and brilliant. The South Carolinians attacked in front 
and flank, but the White Stars changed front to rear or refused their 
right and left regiments whenever it became necessary in conforming 
to the movements of the enemy. There was a moon that night, 
but it was overclouded much of the time, and in the darkness 
the soldiers could aim only at the flashes of the rifles or in the direc- 
tion indicated by the cries and cheers of their opponents. The 
Confederates directed an effective fire against the battery (Knap's), 
the flames from the cannon affording a temporary mark. So many 
of the gunners were disabled that two of the pieces were silenced and 
an infantry detail became necessary in working the other guns. The 
shouts of the Confederates to pick oft' the artillerists could be plainly 
heard. lieutenant Geary, of the battery, son of the General, was 
killed. He had sighted a gun, and as he gave the command to fire fell 
dead, with a bullet through his forehead. Captain Atwell fell mortally 
wounded soon after, but the heroic gunners stuck to their work 

The fiercest attack was made against Ireland's regiment, the 
One hundred and thirty-seventh New York, of Greene's Brigade, 
and the steadiness of this veteran regiment contributed materially 
to the defeat of the enemy. Toward the close of the action there 
was a scarcity of ammunition in Greene's regiments, and many of 
the soldiers were obliged to get cartridges from the boxes of their 
94 



©corfie Sears (5reene 

fallen comrades. The four guns of the battery fired, in all, 224 
rounds. At three a. m., after two hours or more of continuous 
fighting, the Confederates abandoned the attack and departed in 
the darkness, leaving many of their dead and wounded on the 
field. The largest number of casualties in any regiment of 
Geary's division fell to the lot of the One hundred and thirty- 
seventh New York. General Greene was badly wounded during 
the heat of the action by a bullet, caliber sixty-two, which passed 
through his upper jaw, tearing out most of the teeth and a part of 
his cheek-bone. Although disabled and unable to talk, he i-emained 
on the field until he could indicate to his aide that Colonel Ireland, 
of the One hundred and thirty-seventh New York, was to take 
command of the brigade. 

It was a grievous wound, but it appeared to heal quickly, and, 
owing to good health and a strong constitution, the General was 
able to walk out in two weeks, and at the end of a month was ordered 
on light duty as a member of a court-martial. Still, the wound had 
caused a functional disorder in the salivary ducts, and six months 
later, while in New York City, he was obliged to undergo a severe 
and altogether novel surgical operation by the foremost surgeon of 
his day. Dr. Van Buren, of New York, in order to restore the injured 
parts to their proper condition. This operation was performed in 
May, 1864, and was ultimately successful, but it was many months 
before his face was suflSciently healed to enable him to perform any 
duty more active than that of serving as member of a court-martial. 

In General Geary's official report of the battle of Wauhatchie he 
says: "Brigadier-General Greene was wounded early in the engage- 
ment, but with his proverbial bravery he was in the front, near the 
One hundred and thirty-seventh New York, prepared tt) contribute 
his valuable efforts to our success. During our movement he was 
ever zealous in seconding every measure productive of benefit to the 
service which he so warmly espouses." 

The object of Hooker's movement through the Wauhatchie 
Valley was to establish communication between Chattanooga and 



(5eorae Sears (Breene 

Nashville. Thomas, who had lately been approaching starvation 
in Chattanooga, highly appreciated the result, and on November 
seventh issued an order, remarkably enthusiastic for a man of 
his temperament, in wliich he said that these operations "were of 
so brilliant a character as to deserve special notice," and that "the 
repulse, by General Geary's command, of greatly superior numbers 
who attempted to surprise him, well ranks among the most distin- 
guished feats of arms of this war." The "cracker line" from 
Bridgeport to Chattanooga was firmly established, in plain view 
of Brass's men on Lookout Mountain, and Thomas' half starved 
soldiers in Chattanooga had a reasonable supply of food from this 
time on. 

On November twenty-third Hooker was directed to make a 
demonstration early the following morning on the point of Lookout 
Mountain with the troops in Lookout Valley under his command. 
As then composed, his command consisted of Osterhaus' division 
of the Fifteenth Corps; Cruft's, of the Fourth; Geary's, of the 
Twelfth (Candy's, Cobham's and Ireland's, formerly Greene's, 
brigades); Battery K, of the First Ohio, and Battery I, First New 
York, of the Eleventh Corps, a part of the Second Kentucky 
Cavalry, and Company K, of the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, making 
an aggregate force of 9,681. "We were all strangers, no one 

oo o ' o ' 

division ever having seen either of the others." (See Hooker's 
report, p. 315, Serial No. 55 of the Official Records.) 

Geary's division stalled at eight a. m., crossed Lookout Creek at 
Light's Dam, about half a mile southeast from Wauhatchie station, 
and, moving by the flank, enveloped in fog and mist until its right 
rested under the palisades, marched northerly by brigades in echelon; 
Cobham's brigade the right, Ireland's the center and Candy's the 
left. Whitaker's brigade of the Fourth Corps was in support. 
Grose's brigade, from the same corps, drove the enemy from the 
bridge, near the railroad crossing of Lookout Creek, and put it in 
repair. Columns of Confederates moved from their camps and 
occupied protected positions on the western slope of the mountain. 



(Beorge Sears (5rcenc 

From these vantage points and the summit they swept witli a fire 
of musketrj' the ground over wliich the Union troops advanced. 
The Union artilleiy, from ridges west of Lookout Creek and at 
Moccasin Point, fired effectively upon the enemy on the mountain 
side. Geary's hne smartly engaged the Confederate advance a])Out 
ten o'clock, and after his column had cleared the approaches to the 
railroad bridge, Woods' brigade, of the Fifteenth Corps, and Grose's 
brigade, of the Fourth Corps, crossed and extended the Union 
left to the road over the point of the mountain, pushing forward 
with Gear\''s division, whose right and center shortly thereafter 
attacked AValthall's Brigade beliind breastworks. Though resisting 
stubbornly, the enemy was outflanked and speedily pushed back at 
all points until the head of the Union column reached Craven's 
House about noon, the Confederates retiring southerly to a line 
four hundred yards beyond, which they occupied until their final 
withdrawal at two a. m. on the twenty-fifth. At seven p. m. Carlin's 
brigade, from Johnson's division of the Fourteenth Corps, reached 
Craven's House from Chattanooga, relieving Geary's right, and held 
this position throughout the night. 

In the storming of Lookout ^Mountain, Ireland's brigade of New 
York regiments formed the center of the front line of battle, and 
was the first to reach Craven's House. It retained its formation in 
the battle until three p. m., when it was relieved. 

The troops under Hooker at Lookout ^Mountain started on the 
morning of the twenty-fifth for Rossxdlle Gap, but were delayed 
until two p. m. at Chattanooga Creek, awaiting repairs to the bridge 
destroyed the previous night. Reaching Rossville, Hooker's line 
advanced northerly to the flank attack on ]\Iissionar}' Ridge in 
three columns, one mo\ang along the east side, another on the 
center, and Geary's division along the westerly base. The 
Confederate left, except a portion of Bate's division, was entirely 
routed. Many prisoners were taken. 

Hooker's column continued the pursuit from Missionary Ridge 
after a reconnaissance to locate the enemy, and on November 

97 



(Beorgc Sears 6recne 

twenty-seventh, about eight a. m., the advance reached Ringgold. Ga. 
Here Cleburne's Division of Breckinridge's Corps, which constituted 
the rear guard, made a stand in order to cover the retreat of the rest 
of Bragg's army. He was ordered by Bragg to "attempt to check 
pursuit of the army," and told that the enemy "must be punished 
until our trains and the rear of our troops got w'ell advanced." 
Cleburne put up a stiff fight, for wliich he received the thanks of 
the Confederate Congress. He had four brigades, with seventeen 
regiments (formed by the merger of twenty-seven former regiments) 
and four batteries. They were posted on both sides of a narrow 
defile in Taylor's Ridge, through which a small stream and railroad 
pass. Hooker had the same three divisions — Geary's, Osterhaus' 
and Graft's, as on November twenty-fourth. Hooker began his 
attack at nine a. m. on November twenty-seventh, but it was one 
p. m. before he could dislodge Cleburne, and the latter claims that 
even then he only retreated because he received a dispatch from 
Hardee, telling him that the trains were sufiiciently advanced, 
so that he might safely withdraw. There is no doubt that it was 
a skilfully conducted rear-guard defense. It is equally true that it 
was a well planned and gallantly executed attack. Hooker's losses 
were naturally the largest, being 606 to Cleburne's 221. 

In this engagement, as in all the previous ones, the New York 
Brigade bore a conspicuous part and lost heavily. Among the 
wounded was Greene's son, Charles T. Greene, whom his father 
had visited as a private in the Twenty-second New York at Harper's 
Ferry in the spring of 1862, and who had been on continuous 
active service ever since, having now the rank of Captain and 
Assistant Adjutant-General of the New York Brigade. His field 
career came to an end that morning. A three-inch shell pierced his 
horse and tore off his right leg, which had again to be amputated on 
reaching the hospital. He recovered, however, and is still living, 
after forty-five years' use of an artificial leg. Colonel Ireland, 
in his report, speaks of Captain Greene's "undaunted bravery, 
combined with prompt obedience to all orders," and expresses 



(Beoroc Scare (Breene 

regret that "in one short month we have lost the services of both 
father and son," who were so "much respected by the oflBcers and 
men of this brigade." 

On May 11, 1864, by Special Orders No. 174, War Department 
at Washington, General Greene was relieved from duty on general 
court-martial and was ordered to repair to New York and report to 
Major-General Dix, commanding the Department of the East, for 
duty. The object of the order was in reality to allow Greene to 
have the operation on his face, previously referred to, performed in 
New York by Dr. Van Buren. It was eight months later before 
Greene had suflSciently recovered from his wound to be able to 
return to active service at the front, and on his request for an 
assignment to duty in the field he was ordered, in January, 1865, to 
report to General Thomas at Nashville. On his arrival there he 
found orders awaiting him, assigning him to duty with General 
Slocima, who, at that time, commanded the left wing of Sherman's 
army, which was then marching northward through the Carolinas 
on its way to effect a junction with Grant. Returning to New 
York, Greene proceeded by government transport to New Berne, 
N. C, where General Schofield, with the Twenty-third Corps, was 
making preparations for an advance to Goldsborough in order to 
join Sherman's army. On March sixth he joined the staff of 
General Jacob D. Cox, then in command of the First Division 
of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and was present with that 
command at the battle of Kinston on the tenth, where, while 
acting; as a volunteer aide, his horse was shot under him durinjr 
that engagement. 

A few days later General Greene was placed in command of a 
provisional division composed of convalescents and recruits on their 
way to join their commands in the armies of the Cumberland and 
Tennessee. When Schofield's column effected a junction with 
Sherman's army, March twenty-first, tliis pro\asional division was 
discontinued, and General Greene was assigned to the command 
of the Third Brigade, Third Division, Fourteenth Army Corps. 



(5eorGe Sears (3recne 

This brigade was composed of the Seventy-fourth Indiana, 
Eighteenth Kentucky, Fourteenth Ohio and Thirty-eighth Ohio — 
all veteran troops that had served with honorable distinction in 
previous campaigns. 

At the head of this brigade, Greene participated in the final 
campaign of Sherman's army which ended in the capture of 
Raleigh and the surrender of the forces under the Confederate 
leader, General Joseph E. Johnston. He then accompanied the 
Fourteenth Corps on its northward march through Virginia to 
Washington, where, wUh his brigade, he participated in the final 
grand review which marked the close of the war. As the 
Fourteenth Corps was composed almost entirely of western regi- 
ments, it left Washington in June, 1865, and went West for the 
final muster-out, Greene remaining in Washing-ton where he served 
for another year on court-martial and other duty until April 30, 
1866, when he, too, was mustered out. In the meantime, he 
received a commission as Brevet Major-General of Volunteers, 
dated March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser\'ice during 
the war. 

Taking up again his profession as ci\'il engineer, he was 
appointed in 1867 Chief Engineer and Commissioner of the 
Croton Aqueduct Department of New York City, an office which he 
filled until 1871, when he was made Chief Engineer of Public Works 
in Washington, D. C. He resigned the latter place in 1872, but 
continued the active practice of his profession for nearly twenty 
years longer. When eighty-six years of age he was one of a 
commission (liis associates being Generals Newton and Gillmore) 
to examine the new Croton Aqueduct then approaching completion; 
and he performed the extraordinary feat, for a man of his age, of 
walking through the aqueduct for its entire length, a distance of 
more than thirty miles. 

He was elected president of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers from 1875 to 1877, a society which, in company with 
eleven other engineers, he had organized in 1852. For several 



©eorge Sears ©reenc 

years he was also president of the New York Genealogical and 
Biographical Society. 

In 1883 he moved his residence to Morristown, X. J., where he 
passed the remainder of his life. 

In 1894, being then more than ninety-three years of age, 
his old comrades and subordinates sought to have him placed on 
the retired list of the Regular Army as a brigadier-general. The 
Committee on Military Affairs in the House of Representatives 
reported that there was no precedent for placing an officer on 
the retired list in any grade higher than that which he had held 
in the Regular Army. A special act of Congress was thereupon 
introduced by Major-General Sickles, then a Member of the House 
of Representatives, and subsequently passed, authorizing the President 
to appoint him a first lieutenant of artillery (this being the rank 
which he held at the time of his resignation in 1836) and to place 
him upon the retired list, which was done. 

He was a member of the Century Club, New York City, and 
also of the Loyal Legion, where he was always an honored and 
welcomed guest, and where, in the company of the veteran survivors 
of the Civil War, he passed some of the pleasantest hours of his 
declining years. Until the last year of his life he retained his health 
and strength, and in 1893 he attended the dedication of the New 
York State Monument at Gettysburg; and, although then ninety-two 
years of age, served acceptably as honorary marshal of the parade 
on New York Day, July second, discharging his duties without any 
fatigue. 

It was a source of great satisfaction to General Greene and to 
his friends that he lived until he was permitted to see his children 
attain honorable distinction in public life and in the service of the 
country. 

George Sears Greene, Jr., his oldest son, a Harvard man, 
attained prominence in his profession as a civil engineer. He was 
connected with the Aqueduct Department of New York City, was 
occupied in railroad construction in Cuba and in copper mining in 



(Beoroe Sears (5rcene 

the Lake Superior region; he conducted extensive and accurate 
topographical surveys in Westchester county and on Long Island, 
introducing several valuable improvements in instruments, some of 
which were adopted by the United States Coast Survey and have 
come into general use. He is a member and has been a director of 
the American Society of Civil Engineers, and in 1885 was elected 
vice-president of that body. In 1875 he was appointed engineer- 
in-chief of the Department of Docks, City of New York, and since 
1898 has been consulting engineer in that city. He is an honorary 
member of the American Institute of Architects. 

Samuel Dana Greene, the second son, was graduated at the 
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., in 1859; was 
promoted to lieutenant in 1861. He served as a midshipman in the 
East India Squadron on the Hartford until the return of that 
vessel to the United States in 1861, when he volunteered for 
service under Lieutenant Worden on the ironclad Monitor, of 
which he became second in command. His ser\'ices on that 
noted vessel continued from the date the Monitor was com- 
missioned until she foundered on the night of December 29, 
1862, off Cape Hatteras. In the historic liattle waged between 
the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads, Lieutenant 
Worden, the commanding officer, directed the movements of the 
vessel from the pilot house, while Lieutenant Greene had charge 
of the guns in the turret, every shot from which he personally fired 
until, when near the close of the fight, Lieutenant Worden, being 
wounded and disabled. Lieutenant Greene took command of the 
vessel and pursued the Merrimac during the retreat of that vessel 
to Norfolk. He continued as second in command of the Monitor 
while she remained in the waters of Chesapeake Bay, and was 
engaged in the hard-fought actions at Fort Darling and other points 
on the James River. After the sinking of the Monitor oft' Caj^e 
Hatteras he was on blockade duty as executive officer of the Florida, 
and in 1864-65 as executive officer of the Iroquois in the search for 
the Alabama. He was promoted lieutenant-commander in 1866, and 




FAMILY OF GENERAL GREENE. 
Present al the dcOication ccrcmonits. 



(Bcoi'GC Scare ©reenc 

in 187'2 he was commissioned to the full rank of commander. 
AnionjT other vessels commanded hy him at different times were the 
J III! lata, the Monongahela and the Despatch. From I860 to 1868 
he served at the Naval Academy at Annapolis as assistant professor 
in mathematics, and from 1871 to 1873 as assistant professor in 
astronomy, and from 1878 to 1882 as assistant to the superin- 
tendent of the academy. The Legislature of the State of Rhode 
Island passed a vote of thanks for his gallant services in the 
action between the Monitor and the Merrimac. When United States 
Senator Bayard, of Delaware, delivered his oration at the unveiling 
of Admiral Du Font's statue at Washington, D. C, he made the 
following complimentary allusion to Commander Greene: "The 
Monitor, whose name is inseparable from that of Ericsson, whose 
genius devised it; of Worden, whose heroism tested it; of Greene, 
who caught up the torch of glory as it dropped from the hand of 
Worden when he fell blinded and bleeding in the contest." 
Lieutenant Greene died at the Navy Yard, Kittery, ]Me., near Forts- 
mouth, N. H., December 11, 1884, whence his body was taken for 
burial to Bristol, R. I. 

Major Charles Thruston Greene commenced his military career 
as a member of the Twenty-second Regiment, National (iuard, State 
of New York, when it went to the front during the Civil War 
in 1862. Within a few months he received a commission from the 
Governor of the State as a second lieutenant in the Sixtieth New 
York Volunteers, a regiment in which his father had held a 
colonelcy at one time. Having reported for duty, the lieutenant 
was assigned as an aide-de-camp on the staif of the Second Division. 
Twelfth Army Corps, then under command of his father. General 
George Sears Greene. The following year he was present with his 
father at Gettysburg during the famous contest for the position 
of Gulp's Hill, and for his good conduct in that action he 
was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. In September, 
1863, he became assistant adjutant-general of (ireene's New York 
Brigade — the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Army 



(Beorge Sears Greene 

Corps. While leading the brigade into action at the battle of 
Ringgold, Ga., November 27, 1863, he was desperately wounded 
by a cannon-ball which killed his horse and severed his right leg. 
For gallant services in this battle he received a brevet commission 
as major, the title which he now bears. Major Greene left the 
volunteer service at the close of the war in 1865, and in July, 1866, 
he was commissioned as a captain in the Forty-second United States 
Infantry, being at that time only twenty-four years of age, and one 
of the youngest officers of his rank in the Regular Army. He 
was placed on the retired list December 15, 1870, and since then 
has lived in New York City or its xacinity. In 1901 he was 
appointed Professor of Military Science and Tactics at St. John's 
College, Fordham, New York City. 

Anna Mary Greene, the only daughter of General George Sears 
Greene, observed the military traditions of the family and was 
married to Lieutenant Murray Simpson Day, United States Navy, 
a son of Brigadier-General Hannibal Day, of the United States 
Army. The latter was a classmate of General Greene at West 
Point in 1823, and since their graduation they had not met until 
their children were married, nearly fifty years later. During the 
latter years of his life General Greene made his home with his 
daughter, ]\Irs. Day, at INIorristown, N. J., where he occupied 
much of his time in genealogical researches and in the prepara- 
tion of a large volume containing the records of the Greene's of 
Rhode Island. 

Major-General Francis Vinton Greene, United States Volunteers, 
the youngest of the family, was graduated from the military academy 
at West Point, June 15, 1870, at the head of his class. He served 
for sixteen years in the army as a lieutenant of artillery in the 
Southern states, as a lieutenant of engineers on the survey of the 
northern boundary of the United States, as engineer of public 
works at Washington, and as a captain of engineers and instructor 
of military engineering at West Point. In 1876 and 1877 he was 
on duty in the office of the Secretary of War in Washington. At 
104 



6C0VQC Scars (5reene 

the outbreak of the war between Russia and Turkey he was sent 
abroad to observe and report the miHtary operations of the con- 
tending armies, and for this purpose was assigned as military 
attache to the United States Legation at St. Petersburg, and while 
in the field w-as attached to the staff of the Emperor of Russia. 
He was present at all of the principal battles in Turkey and 
the marches from the Danube to Constantinople, and received 
various decorations from the Emperor of Russia and the King of 
Roumania. Resigning from the army in 1886, he engaged in 
industrial pursuits, and introduced smooth pavements in New 
York in place of the cobblestones which had hitherto prevailed. 
In 1889 he was a member of the commission appointed by the 
Mayor of New York City to study the subject of street 
cleaning, and he wrote the elaborate report which led to a revision 
of the law, the appointment of Colonel Waring as street cleaning 
commissioner, and the adoption of modern methods for cleaning 
that great city. 

Joining the National Guard of New York in 1889, he was 
appointed major and engineer of the First Brigade, and in 189'2 
he was commissioned colonel of the Seventy-first Regiment, a 
command which he retained until his promotion during the war 
with Spain. The Seventy-first New York was the first New York 
regiment mustered into the volunteer service in that war, and the 
first volunteer regiment to arrive in Florida. A few days after its 
arrival Greene was appointed a Brigadier-General of Volunteers and 
ordered by telegraph to proceed immediately to San Francisco, 
where he received command of the second expedition to the 
Philippines, arriving in Manila Bay July 17, 1898. His command, 
consisting of two regular and three volunteer regiments and two 
batteries of artillery, was immediately landed under the walls of 
Manila, and was almost constantly engaged in actions and 
skirmishes with the Spaniards until August thirteenth, when, in 
conjunction with the Navy, the land forces assaulted and captured 
the city of Manila. In this assault General Greene's brigade led 



(Beorge Sears <5reene 

the advance. After his services at Manila he was made a jNIajor- 
General of Volunteers to date from August 13, 1898. In September 
he was ordered to return to the United States. On his arrival here 
he was assigned to the command of a division in the Seventh Army 
Corps, then stationed in Georgia, and during the absence of 
General Fitzhugh Lee he was temporarily assigned to the command 
of that corps. In November he was ordered to Havana to make 
arrangements for the encampment of the Seventh Army Corps, and 
with a view to his being Governor of Havana, that position having 
been offered to him by the President; but when the treaty of peace 
was definitely signed in December, and the war was actually ended. 
General Greene preferred to return to the pursuits of civil life. 
His appointment as Governor of Havana was declined, and he 
offered his resignation, which was accepted, to take effect February 
28, 1899. 

In 1899 he was chairman of the commission appointed by 
Governor Roosevelt to study the canal question, and wrote the 
report which resulted in the adoption of the Barge Canal project 
from Niagara to the Hudson, which is now in process of con- 
struction. In 1900 he was chairman of the Republican county 
committee in New York and a delegate to the National Convention 
at Philadelphia. In 1903 he was Police Commissioner in New York. 
In 1904 he moved to Buffalo to take charge of the construction 
and operation of one of the largest power companies at Niagara, 
using a portion of the surplus waters of the great falls to generate 
electricity, which is distributed over a distance of 160 miles. 
He has contributed numerous articles to magazines on military, 
scientific and historical subjects, and is the author of the following 
books : 

The Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey, 1879. 

Army Life in Russia, 1881. 

The ]\Iississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War), 1882. 

The Life of Major-General Nathanael Greene, 1893. 

Lincoln, as Commander-in-Chief, 1909. 

106 



Ceonjc Sears (Brecnc 

Having attained the age of ninety-eight years, General George 
Sears Greene died on the 28th of January, 1899. lie was buried 
at Warwick, R. I., where six generations of his ancestors had been 
laid away; and over his grave rests a rock from Gulp's Hill at 
Gettysburg, with a bronze tablet bearing a suitable inscription. 
He was gathered unto his fathers, "having testimony of a good 
conscience; in the communion of the Catholic Church; in the 
confidence of a certain faith; in the comfort of a reasonable, 
religious and holy hope; in favor with God, and in perfect charity 
with the world." 



Ifn fiDcmoriam 



At Albany, June 16, 1909, William F. Fox, Lieutenant-Colonel, 
One hundred and seventh New York Volunteers. In his decease 
the State of New York has lost a gallant soldier and a valued public 
officer whose services have adorned its annals and will be cherished 
as a part of its history. The intimate relations which have existed 
for many years between Colonel Fox and this Board of Commis- 
sioners have ripened into an affectionate regard for his sterling 
character, as well as esteem for his eminent ability and attainments 
as a historian. 



